Human Geography Unit 4 Flashcards
Why is there often tension between religions?
- Religion is a key component of culture
- Religion often impacts landscape so interfering religions means interfering landscape
- Migrants usually keep their religion wherever they go
- Most religions do not allow people to participate in another religion
What is the difference between a universalizing and ethnic religion?
Universalizing - Appeal to the highest amount of people
Ethnic - Appeals to primarily one group of people
What are some examples of universalizing religions?
Christianity Islam Buddhism Sikhism Bahá'í
What are all universalizing religions divided into?
Branches denominations and sects
T or F: The United States and many other countries take an official count of religious practice.
False
What are the three major branches of Christianity?
Roman Catholic
Protestant
Orthodox
What religion has the most followers?
Christianity
T or F: The Western Hemisphere is nearly 90% Christian. 5% practice another religion while 6% are not religious.
True
What two countries in NE Africa have Christian churches?
Ethiopia and Egypt
What branch of Christianity are most people in Utah?
Latter-Day Saints or Mormon
About how many people are Muslims?
1.3 billion
What are the two main branches of Islam? Which is the most popular?
Sunnis and Shiites. Sunnis are more popular with 83% of the Muslim population.
What is the trend of the Muslim population in North America?
Growing
What is the third biggest universalizing religion?
Buddhism
What are the three main branches of Buddhism?
Mahayana, Theravada, and Tantrayana
About how many Sikhs are there? Bahá’ís?
Sikhs - 23 million
Bahá’ís - 7 million
What is the largest ethnic religion?
Hinduism
Why is Hinduism an ethnic religion if it is the third largest religion in the world?
97% of Hindus live in India and most of the others are in Nepal.
T or F: Hinduism has a specific way to be practiced with little variation.
False
What Hindu god has the most followers? What is this manifestation called?
Vishnu; Vaishnavism
What are four other ethnic religions?
Confucianism, Daoism, Shintoism, and Judaism
Who founded Daoism?
Lao-Zi, a follower of Confucius
What religion does Japan mostly adhere to?
Shintoism
What two countries contain the most Jews?
US and Israel
T or F: Judaism was the first recorded religion to practice monotheism, the belief in one god.
True
What are the ethnic religions that 12% of African follow called?
Animism
Why is the animist population declining?
Introduction to universalizing religions
Who founded Christianity?
Jesus
What made Roman Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism different?
RC- believes in Church hierarchy
Orthodox- rejected RC doctrines
Protestant- originated during reformation; based on 95 theses
Who founded Islam? Why was he so special?
Muhammad was believed to be a prophet of god.
Who founded Buddhism?
Siddhartha Guatama AKA Buddha
Who founded Sikhism?
Guru Nanak
Where was Bahá’í founded? Who were its first members?
Iran; people who opposed Shiites.
T or F: Hinduism does not have a specific founder.
True
What are people who spread universalizing religions?
Missionaries
What is the name given to people who follow a polytheistic religion?
Pagan
What caused Islam to spread?
Muslim armies conquered many areas.
What caused Buddhism to spread?
The emperor of the Magadhan Empire, Asoka, became a Buddhist.
What caused Bahá’í to spread?
When a temple was built on every continent.
What has mostly caused the lack of diffusion of ethnic religions?
The merging of ethnic religions with universalizing religions.
Why is Judaism an exception to the trend of the lack of spread of ethnic religions?
Judaism is practiced in a lot of different countries
What is a pilgrimage?
A journey to a sacred place for a religion
What places are considered holy to Buddhists?
Shrines
What place is considered the most holy to Muslims?
The city of Makkah
What is the holiest place in Sikhism?
The Darbar Sahib AKA Golden Temple
T or F: Hindu holy places are organized into a hierarchy.
True
What is cosmogony?
The belief about the origin of the universe.
Why is an ethnic calendar different than a universalizing calendar?
Ethnic calendars celebrate seasons.
What kind of calendar do Muslims and Bahá’ís use?
Lunar calendar
T or F: The date of Easter varies each year but all Christians celebrate it on the same day.
False
What are the places of worship for Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Shintoists, and Bahá’ís?
Ch- Churches Mus- Mosques Hind- Temples Bud and Shin- Pagodas Bahá'í- Houses of Worship
What are the two main ways that the dead are disposed of?
Burial and cremation.
What is a hierarchical religion? What are some examples?
An area divided into units based on a religion; Latter-Day Saints and Roman Catholicism
What is an autonomous religion? What are some examples?
Self-sufficient; Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Judaism
Who were the Taliban? What did they oppose?
The Taliban governed Afghanistan starting in 1996 and ending in 2001. They opposed everything non-Islamic.
What is the caste system in Hinduism? What is the trend in popularity?
The classes defined by hereditary order. Its popularity is going down.
What did the Soviet Government make national property in 1918?
Church buildings
What event damaged Buddhism?
Vietnam War
What is fundamentalism?
An enforcement of religious principles
What branch of Christianity is mainly practiced in NE Eire (Ireland)?
Protestantism
Why is Jerusalem sometimes considered impossible to settle?
Parts of it are considered holy to multiple religions.
What two areas makeup the Palestine?
The West Bank and Gaza
Why did Israel create such a complex wall to isolate itself?
They wanted to keep out Palestinian suicide bombers
What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
Ethnicity is based on cultural traditions while race deals with biological ancestors.
Where are Asian-Americans clustered in the United States? Hispanic-American? African-American? American Indian?
As-A - Western US and Hawaii
Hispanic - SW America
Afr-A - SE America
Am In - Alaska, W US, and Plains region
What were the three stages of African-American migration? When were they?
1st= forced in the 18th century for trade 2nd= to the north during the World Wars 3rd= immigration to dense ghettos in big cities
What was the triangular slave trade?
A pattern of slave trade between Africa, Europe, and North America
What is a sharecropper?
A farmer who pays rent in crops
What is racism?
The belief that race makes people better than others.
What was wrong with the Separate but Equal doctrine?
African-Americans would normally get lower-level equipment that the whites did not want.
What was the white flight?
When segregation laws were banned and many whites left neighborhoods with African-Americans.
What is apartheid?
The physical separation of races
Where was apartheid commonly practiced in Africa?
South Africa
What is a nation-state?
A state that has one dominant nationality
What is self-determination?
The idea that ethnicities can govern themselves.
Why is Denmark not a perfect nation-state?
10% of the population is not Danish
How did Germany become a nation-state?
Prussia unified many areas by force and the Nazis claimed all German-speakers German.
What is nationalism?
Loyalty to one nationality.
What is a centripetal force? What is an example of this?
An attitude that adds support for a state by unifying people
What is the difference between a multiethnic state and a multinational state?
Me state- different ethnicities, same nationality
Mn state- different nationalities and ethnicities
How many countries were once part of the Former Soviet Union? What were they?
15
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan
What groups were the former Soviet Union countries divided into?
Baltic, European, Central Asian, Caucasus, and Russia
What is now the largest multinational state?
Russia with 39 nationalities
T or F: Communists discouraged ethnic identity.
True
What country used to belong to Ethiopia? When did they become independent?
Eritrea in 1991
What part of Sudan is now independent?
South Sudan
What country is allied with East Sudan’s rebellion?
Eritrea
Why is Somalia so divided?
It has many different ethnic “clans” that took over when the government collapsed.
What are the two main religions in Lebanon?
Islam (60%) and Christian (39%)
Who were the Kurds? What countries are they most often found in?
People located south of Armenia who were divided into Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria before they should have become independent.
What is East Pakistan more commonly known as?
Bangladesh
What countries divided Pakistan?
Britain
What are the two main ethnicities found in Sri Lanka?
Sinhalese and Tamil
What religion and ethnicity dominates Sri Lanka?
Buddhism Sinhalese
Where was Yugoslavia located?
The Balkan Peninsula
Why was Yugoslavia created?
To unite all Balkan ethnicities.
What countries used to make up Yugoslavia?
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and Kosovo
What former Yugoslavian countries underwent ethnic cleansing?
Kosovo and Bosnia
What does it mean when a state is Balkanized?
A small area that is unable to be unified.
What is the main source of ethnic cleansing in Central Africa?
The Hutus killing many Tutsis.
What country went to war as a result of the fight between the Hutus and Tutsis?
Democratic Republic of the Congo
How is ethnic cleansing documented?
Photos from birds-eye view
