Human Factors I Flashcards
What is a Human Machine Interface (HMI)?
What is a Human Machine Interface (HMI)?
“all parts of an interactive system (software or hardware) that provide information and control that is necessary for the user to complete a certain task with the interactive system.” (ISO 9241-110)
How do HMI impact Adaptive Cruise Control?
HMI provides information and control necessary for the user
What is the definition of User-centered design?
User-centered design
Definition / purpose: “Approach to systems design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the use of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques” (ISO 9241-210) Note: The term “human-centred design” is often used as a synonym of “user-centred design”
What is the Rationale of User-centered design?
User-centered design
Rationale: “User-centered design emphasizes that the purpose of the system is to serve the user, not to use a specific technology, not to be an elegant piece of programming. The needs of the users should dominate the design of the interface, and the needs of the interface should dominate the design of the rest of the system” (Norman, 1986)
Explain the User-centered design process (3 steps)
User-centered design process
3 major phases:
- Understanding users => observe people and tasks by them performed up to the point of empathy
- Creating prototypes => combine understanding of people and human characteristics, interface guidelines and principles of human behaviour
- Evaluating => heuristic evaluations and usability tests with low-fidelity mock-ups or prototypes
Explain the User-Centered Design Circle.
Which are the three HMI modes?
Visual, Auditory, Haptic
Give examples of the Visual mode of HMI
Give examples of the Auditory mode of HMI
Give examples of the Haptic mode of HMI
How is Visual HMI warnings used?
Visual HMI warnings Appropriate use:
- To provide redundant or supplemental information that accompanies a primary auditory or haptic warning
- To provide primary warning information when drivers can be expected to see the visual warning as part of the regular information-acquisition process (e.g., system presenting information on rear-view mirrors)
- To provide continuous lower-priority information (nonurgent and complex information, e.g. speed warning)
Give examples of Examples of auditory HMI warnings.
Examples of auditory HMI warnings
- Speech warning: recording or a synthesized voice that repeats a certain word or set of words (e.g. “Brake!)
- Tone warning: pure tones or combinations of tones to grab drivers’ attention
- Auditory icon: tone based, but the sound is associated with an implicit meaning (e.g., rumble strip, sound of a tire screeching or sound of broken glass)
Appropriate use of HMI warnings?
Auditory HMI warnings Appropriate use (Campbell et al., 2007):
- To present high priority alerts and warnings
- To provide warnings when drivers may be distracted or looking away from a visual display
- To draw attention to location of potential crash threat
- To indicate onset of a system malfunction or limitation (brief auditory tone followed by visual warning)
- As the primary modality for lower-priority information, in conjunction with visual or haptic displays
What is appropriate use of Haptic HMI warnings?
Haptic HMI warnings Appropriate use (Campbell et al., 2007):
- To provide information if an auditory warning is unlikely to be effective (e.g., if the driver’s auditory workload is excessive, if auditory warnings are used extensively for another warnings)
- To provide information only if the driver is in contact with the haptic feedback source (e.g., drivers will usually feel a seat vibration but they may not feel accelerator pedal feedback)
What are the Risky driving hours for sleepiness?
Describe Outcome of crash scenarios related to sleepiness
Type of crash scenarios related to sleepiness and fatigue?
How is alcohol related to impairment in driving?
