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Active Vehicle And Traffic Safety > AS Technologies III Future trends in active safety > Flashcards

AS Technologies III Future trends in active safety Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how Wireless communication can aid ASS

A

Wireless communication

  • May help active safety at intersection because information on approaching vehicles may be acquired without line of sight.
  • Is essential for platooning (cooperative ACC), for instance to coordinate how vehicles should join or leave the platoon.
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2
Q

What is Platooing?

A

Platooning

  • Automated driving where two or more vehicles drives at a short distance from each other.
  • All drivers but the lead-vehicle driver do not attend to operational and tactical level of the driving task.
  • Platooning is intended to increase mobility, save fuel, and enable drivers to attend other tasks than driving.
  • Platooning is supposed to happen on the current road network without infrastructure need be changed.
  • Platooning requires wireless communication for global control of the platoon.
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3
Q

What are Cooperative Systems?

A

CSs are intelligent transportation systems which rely on wireless communication to enable data exchange. Intelligent transportation sytems are HW and SW implementations which utilize intelligent technologies to improve safety, and mobility (including fuel efficiency). Intelligent technologies include information (SW), communication, and electronic technologies (HW).

Intelligent in-vehicle transportation systems addressing safety are active safety systems. Cooperative systems addressing safety are ofter referred as cooperative safety applications

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4
Q

How does CS interact with vulnerable road users?

A
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5
Q

Explain V2V

A
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6
Q

Examples of applications using V2I/I2V for safety.

A

Examples of applications using V2I/I2V for safety

  • Curve speed warning
  • Optimal speed advisory
  • Work zone warning
  • Road condition warning
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7
Q

Explain Intervention strategies

A
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8
Q

Examples of applications using V2V for safety

A

Examples of applications using V2V for safety

  • Approaching emergency vehicle advisory
  • Road condition warning
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9
Q

What is V2V

A

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) is an automobile technology designed to allow automobiles to “talk” to each other. V2V communications form a wireless ad hoc network on the roads. Such networks are also referred to as vehicular ad hoc networks, VANETs. The systems will use a region of the 5.9 GHz band set aside by the United States Congress, the unlicensed frequency also used by WiFi. The US V2V standard, commonly known as WAVE (“Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments”), builds upon the lower-level IEEE 802.11p standard, as early as 2004.

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10
Q

What is V2I?

A

The Vehicle to Infrastructure interaction, similarly to V2V, is based on wireless communication technologies. The V2I communication (commonly called V2X) is also an extensively researched topic in the United States. The main traffic safety goals of such systems are well summarized by USDOT’s (U.S. Department of Transportation) Connected Vehicles Program [117]. V2I is the wireless exchange of critical safety and operational data between vehicles and highway infrastructure, intended primarily to avoid or mitigate motor vehicle accidents but also to enable a wide range of other safety, mobility, and environmental benefits.

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11
Q

When does a system become cooperative?

A

When does a system become cooperative?

  • Without data exchange, it is hard to argue a system if fully cooperative.
  • Best example of cooperative systems are applications using V2V and/or V2I involving more than one actor and bidirectional communication
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12
Q

What are the Communication challenges concerning V2X?

A

Communication challenges

  • Multipath Propagation
  • Fading
  • Inter-symbol Interference
  • Spectral Limitation
  • Limited Energy
  • User Mobility
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13
Q

Explain Multipath Propagation

A

Information propagates from transmitter to receiver in multiple ways. Each way of propagation carries the same info but, by the time it gets to the receiver the info of each path is slightly different in amplitude and phase (strenght and time).

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14
Q

Explain Fading

A

In wireless communications, fading is variation or the attenuation of a signal with various variables. These variables include time, geographical position, and radio frequency. Fading is often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either be due to multipath propagation, referred to as multipath induced fading, weather (particularly rain), or shadowing from obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.

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15
Q

Explain Intersymbol Interference

A

In telecommunication, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. The spreading of the pulse beyond its allotted time interval causes it to interfere with neighboring pulses.[1] ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent linear or non-linear frequency response of a channel causing successive symbols to “blur” together.

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16
Q

Explain Spectral Limitation (DSRC)

A

Dedicated short-range communications are one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication channels specifically designed for automotive use and a corresponding set of protocols and standards.

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

General Challenges for Communication tools in automotive.

A
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19
Q

What is Passive Safety?

A

Passive Safety

Aims to mitigate the severity of both the primary and secondary impact and to keep a survivable space for the car occupant.

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20
Q

What is Active Safety?

A

Active Safety

Aims to avoid/mitigate crashes by recognizing safety-critical situations and taking action.

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21
Q

Tech Spec Volvo ÖV 4 - Jakob

A

Volvo ÖV 4 - Jakob

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22
Q

Explain Cables and Fuses

A

Cables and Fuses

  • Cables are a mean to propagate and guide an electrical signals.
  • Fuses are sacrifical devices preventing overcurrent.
  • New cables and fuses are added as the electrical system enables new functions and interface to new hardware.
  • The number of cables and fuses is a surrogate for the complexity of an electrical system.
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23
Q

Explain (Omni)Buses

A

(Omni)Buses

  • Cables connecting sensors and ECUs may be used as buses.
  • One or more wires become a bus when the they enable distributed communication, in other words the cables are shared (in time) between devices for communication.
  • On a bus, data transmission can be parallel or serial (depending on how many bits are transmitters simultaneously).
  • Parallel communication requires more wires, of course.
  • Arguably, the most famous bus is the USB (universal serial bus)
  • Examples of buses currently used in the automotive industry include: CAN and Flexray.
  • Ethernet can also be considered a (costly) bus.
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24
Q

What are Electronic Control Units?

A

Electronic Control Units

ECUs are small computers connecting sensors and actuators in a vehicle.

25
Q

They make up the E/E architecture and enable active safety.

A

E/E - Electrical and Electronic

The electric and electronic (E/E) architecture:

  • enables entairtainment, information, connection, and protection in modern vehicles.
  • includes cables, connectors, and electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, actuators, lights.
  • often includes bus communication (LIN, MOST, CAN, FlexRay, etc…) to reduce wiring.
  • provides:
    • Data networks
    • Diagnostics • Fault tolerance
    • Energy management
    • Power and signal networks
    • Physical & functional partitioning
    • Active safety
26
Q

Electrical Architecture Current challenges?

A

Electrical Architecture Current challenges:

  • Lower cost
  • Reduced mass
  • Improved functionality
  • Smaller packaging
  • Improved reliability
  • Fewer wires
  • Smaller gauge size
  • Fewer splices
27
Q

How will automated driving change the (E/E) architecture of a vehicle?

A

How will automated driving change the (E/E) architecture of a vehicle?

  • Sensors
  • Algorithms
  • HMI (Human-Machine Interface)
28
Q

Aim of Active Safety System.

A

Active Safety System

  • Active safety aims at preventing accidents and/or mitigating their consequences by predicting safety-critical situations and take action before this situation develops into a crash.
  • Active safety systems relay on the vehicle E/E architecture
29
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A
30
Q

Explain Lateral Control

A
31
Q

Explain Longitudinal Control

A
32
Q

Explain Threat Assessment

A
33
Q

Explain Decision Making

A
34
Q

Explain Intervention strategy (decision making) for AS

A
35
Q

What is Human Machine Interface?

A

Human Machine Interface

  • Everything that enables interaction between the driver and the vehicle.
  • Typical warning strategies may provide visual, auditory and/or haptic information.
36
Q

Examples of Automated Intervention

A
37
Q

Explain Integrated Safety

A

Integrated Safety

  • The same sensors used for active safety may make the deployment of passive safety more intelligent.
  • Integrated safety typically enhances passive safety systems by preparing before a collision so that passive safety systems can give the best protection.
  • Reversible systems may not need a 100% accurate forecast of the event, however they must not interfere with the driver reaction.
  • Other example of interesting information to exploit in an integrated safety context are: driver controls, driver gaze, presence of surrounding obstacles, etc…
38
Q

Explain Pre-crash functionalities in Integrated Safety

A

Pre-crash functionalities:

  1. PRESET PRE-crash SETting of algorithmic thresholds (support to airbag firing)
  2. PREFIRE PRE-crash FIring of reversible Restraints (belt tensioner, knee padding,…)
  3. PREACT PRe-crash Engagement of ACTive safety devices (Automated Emergency Braking)
39
Q
A
40
Q

What is LKA?

A

Lane Keeping Assist

Active Lane Keeping Assist can warn the driver when they unintentionally leave their lane and can use one-sided braking intervention to help manoeuvre the vehicle back into its lane (including in the case of broken lane markings if there is a risk of collision).

41
Q

What is LDW?

A

Lane Departure Warning

Using a camera behind the rearview mirror, the available Lane Departure Warning system is designed to monitor vehicle lane position and alert you when your vehicle drifts into a new lane when you haven’t signaled.

42
Q

What is BLISS?

A

Blind Spot Information System

The XC60’s Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) feature, which uses a camera in the outdoor mirror to detect when something is entering the vehicles blind spot and alerts the driver with a flashing indicator light to prevent accidents.

43
Q

What is Distance Alert?

A

Distance Alert is a function that alerts the driver if the time interval to the vehicle ahead is too short.

Distance Alert is active at speeds above approximately 18 mph (30 km/h) and only reacts to a vehicle ahead that is driving in the same direction. No information is provided for vehicles driving toward you, moving very slowly, or at a standstill.

44
Q

What is FCW?

A

Frontal Collision Warning system

45
Q

Concluding remarks on interventions

A
  • Earlier interventions require longer detection ranges.
  • Intervention time is a compromise, the earlier the intervention the less accurate may be the prediction on the outcome.
  • AEB in an head-on collision may mitigate the crash, however to avoid a collision its activation would need to happen ”too early”
  • Acceptance is important for active safety development and becomes less of an issue as we get closer to the crash, false positives become less frequent, and we move toward passive safety.
46
Q

Active Safety Time

A
47
Q

What is Behavior based safety?

A

Behavior based safety

  • Complement to technical systems
  • Different types of “behaviour based safety”:
    • Explicit coaching (typically professional drivers and teens)
    • Implicit “coaching”
    • Promoting safety “policy” or mind-set
  • Issue with personal integrity… Possible in some countries, others not (e.g., Germany and France).
48
Q

Explaing Explicit coaching for

Professional drivers

A

Explicit coaching

  1. Monitor the driver while driving (for work)
  2. Identify “event” by kinematic triggers: e.g., acceleration threshold
  3. Driver’s boss and/or external “coach” meet with driver regularly and provide feedback/incentive on triggered events
  4. A set of key safety issues identified and quantified
    1. Harsh braking
    2. Hard turns
    3. Seat belt wearing
    4. Distraction (e.g., texting)
  5. Example: Lytx
49
Q

Explain Explicit coaching when getting driving license (teens)

A

Explicit coaching When getting driving license (teens)

  1. Monitor the driver while learning to drive and first year of driving
  2. Driver’s boss and/or external “coach” meet with driver regularly and provide feedback/incentive
  3. Different types of monitoring:
    1. Video based with kinematic triggers: View video with “coach”
    2. Only kinematic triggers: recorded number of harsh braking, overspeeding, sharp turns, etc: Discuss behaviour with “coach”
50
Q

Explain Implicit coaching

A

Implicit coaching “Nudging”

  • Make driver safer by implicitly provide feedback
  • For example vehicles and infrastructure can be designed to “promote safe driving”.
    • Vehicle example: In-vehicle sounds and “feeling”
    • Infrastructure: rumble strips, speed bumps, and narrow roads
51
Q

Explain Safety policies from a traffice point of view.

A

Safety policies

  • Typically in companies, but can also be schools and government institutions
  • Idea - make traffic safety a priority. Examples:
    • Have a safety policy
    • Only allow specific company vehicle types
    • Zero tolerance for speeding
    • Promote/provide bicycle helmets
  • Managers as role models
52
Q

Explain Evaluation of Active Safety Systems: Part of the “circle of life”

A
53
Q

Explain Different types of active safety evaluation

A
54
Q

What is a Driving simulator used for?

A

Driving simulator

  • Evaluate design concepts
  • Evaluate system (virtual) performance
  • Study driver behavior (short term)
  • Not for benefit evaluation
55
Q

What are Test tracks used for?

A

Test track

  • Evaluate design concepts
  • Evaluate system (real/technical) performance
  • Study driver behavior (short term)
  • Not for benefit evaluation, rather system validation
  • -> system performance
56
Q

Explain Counterfactual simulations

A

Counterfactual simulations

Computer based mathematical simulations

  • Evaluate active safety system algorithms virtually
  • Evaluate system performance virtually
  • Compare system designs quickly
  • Not for benefit absolute evaluation, rather relative
  • Early evaluation of combination of driver behavior and system
57
Q

Which is the main factor in crash causation?

A

The human factor in crash causation

Crash involvement factors (Treat et al., 1979)

  • Human Factors: 95%
  • Road Environment Factors: 28%
  • Vehicle Factors: 8%
58
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A
59
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Active Vehicle And Traffic Safety (7 decks)

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