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CPL > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

0
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Iron rich pigment which transports oxygen

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1
Q

What colour cells main function is to carry oxygen around the body?

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

What is the vascular system made up of?

A

Blood vessels forming arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

Being seated for a long time, how can you improve circulation?

A

Contracting and relaxing your diaphragm as well as elf and buttock muscles

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4
Q

What two respiratory processes occur in the lungs?

A

Energy giving oxygen breathed in, diffused through thin walls of lungs and into the blood.
Carbon dioxide returned to lungs and breathed out

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5
Q

What two respiratory processes occur in body’s tissues?

A

Oxygen is brought to body by red blood cells

Carbon dioxide, waste product from burning of carbohydrates carried away in bloodstream

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6
Q

What occurs as we gain height?

A

Air thins with fewer molecules in the same volume.
Percentage of components remains the same (78 nitrogen, 21 O2, 1other)
Total air pressure falls with altitude as does partial pressure of each of gasses

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7
Q

What is the international standard atmosphere?

A 
Sea level temp 15C
Lapse rate -2C per 1000ft
Freezing level 7500ft
Sea pressure 1013.2
Tropopause 36080
Temp at tropopause -56C
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8
Q

What are the three major effects of altitude on the human body brought about by pressure changes?

A

Lower external pressure causes gases in body to expand
Lower O2 pressure causes hypoxia
Dissolved gases come out of solution due to decreased external pressure

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9
Q

At what height is atmospheric pressure halved?

A

18000ft

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10
Q

At what height is oxygen partial pressure halved?

A

9000 ft

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11
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

When oxygen concentration in tissues is less than normal

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12
Q

What causes hypoxia?

A

Lack of O2 in the air
Partial pressure of O2 is too low
Inability of blood to carry O2 due to medical condition or carbon monoxide poisoning

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13
Q

What happens to air pressure and density as altitude increases?

A

They decrease

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14
Q

What happens to oxygen intake in the lungs with less dense air?

A

Lower mass of oxygen taken into the lungs with each breath

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoxia?

A 
Euphoria
False sense of security
Clumsy
Difficulty concentrating
Moody
Drowsy
Indecision
Giddiness
Headache
Cyanosis (blue) fingernails and lips
Increased pulse rate
Increased rate and depth of breathing
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16
Q

Above what height is oxygen required?

A

10000ft

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17
Q

At what height will night vision start to deteriorate?

A

4000ft

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18
Q

How long should you wait to fly after donating blood?

A

24 hours

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19
Q

What are the times of useful activity ?

A 
Alt.          Moderate.   Minimal
18000ft,    20mins.      30mins
22000ft.    5mins          10mins
25000ft.    2 mins.         3mins
28000ft.    1min.            1.5mins
30000ft.     45s.              1.25mins
35000ft.      30s.              45s
40000ft.      12s.               15s
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20
Q

What is likely to be affected by barotrauma on ascent?

A

Teeth and intestines

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21
Q

What is likely to be affected by barotrauma on descent?

A

Ears and sinuses

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22
Q

Blockage of what will cause pressure to be higher on the outside of the ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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23
Q

When is decompression sickness likely to occur?

A

When you fly after scuba diving

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24
Q

Why does decompression occur?

A

When certain gases such as nitrogen are absorbed into the blood under pressure

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25
Q

How long should you wait after diving to fly?

A

4 hours after dive not requiring decompression
12 hours after dive of less than 4 hours requiring stops
48 hours after dive greater than 4 hours requiring stops

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26
Q

What does hyperventilation do?

A

Flushes carbon dioxide out of blood and disturbs its chemical balance

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27
Q

What are symptoms of hyperventilation?

A 
Light headed
Numbness
Tingling lips, finger and toes
Palpitations
Increased pulse rate
Sweating
Chest pain
Blurred vision
Dizziness
Fainting
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28
Q

How do you treat hyperventilation?

A

Try and calm person
Allocating simple tasks to distract them
Slowing breathing rate

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29
Q

If carbon monoxide is suspected, what is your first course of action?

A

Turn the cabin heat off then open a fresh source of air

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30
Q

What are symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A 
Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Impaired judgement
Slower breathing rate
Cherry red complexion
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31
Q

How long is the class one medical valid for?

A

Period of not more than 12 months

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32
Q

How long is a class two valid for?

A

4 years if under 40 or 2 if 40 or over

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33
Q

How long can you be sick for before requiring a check with a dame?

A 
7 days for class 1
30 days class 2
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34
Q

What are some disqualifying illnesses?

A 
Heart attack
Stroke
Diabetes
Kidney stones
Ulcers
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35
Q

What is the most common cause of inflight incapacitation?

A

Gastroenteritis

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36
Q

What can cause gastro?

A

Improperly prepared meal

Impure drinking water

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37
Q

How long should you not fly after gastro?

A

At least 72 hours

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38
Q

What is coronary thrombosis?

A

Blood clots obstructing flow of blood to the heart

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39
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Also known as heart attack

Death of heart tissue

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40
Q

What is angina?

A

Reduced blood flow that deprives part of the heart of oxygen

Felt as pain in the chest neck shoulders and arms

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41
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Blocking of the arteries by fats

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42
Q

What is an aneurism?

A

Bursting of an artery

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43
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Interruption of blood flow to some part of the brain

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44
Q

What are cardiovascular risk factors?

A 
Family history
Smoking
High blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress
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45
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Short sighted ness

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46
Q

What is gout?

A

Result of excess uric acid in the blood that crystallises in the joints. Especially toes, feet, ankles or fingers

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47
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Anal varicose veins caused by prolonged sitting, constipation and consequent forced defacation

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48
Q

How long should exercise be to be effective?

A

Minimum of 20 minutes at least three times a week

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49
Q

In temperatures greater than 30C, how much water should we drink and how often?

A

250ml every 30 minutes

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50
Q

As a general rule, how long should you wait after alcohol?

A

8 hours however after heavy drinking, alcohol may be present up to 24 hours later

51
Q

At sea level,what effects does smoker feel?

A

As hypoxia as non smoker at 8000 feet

52
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent cap over the lens which light rays first pass

It is curved and some refraction occurs

53
Q

What is the iris?

A

Located between cornea and lens

Coloured membrane

54
Q

What happens to the lens as we get older?

A

Becomes less flexible and less able to modify curvature

Aka presbyopia

55
Q

What is the retina?

A

Light sensitive layer at the back of the eye

Screen onto which lens focuses images and converted into electrical signals that pass along optic nerve to brain

56
Q

Where are the rods and cones located?

A

In the retina

57
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

Sensitive to colour, details and distant objects

Most effective in daylight

58
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A

Sensitive to movement
Only see in black, white and shades of grey
Effective in both day and night
Responsible for peripheral vision

59
Q

Where are cones located?

A

Central section of retinas, especially in foveal region opposite lens

60
Q

Where are rods located?

A

Outside central foveal area

61
Q

What is empty field myopia?

A

Natural tendency of eyes to focus in range of one to two metres

62
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

Small area on retina where nerve fibres from rods and cons on retina lead into optic nerve

63
Q

What is myopia?

A

Shortsightedness
Eye is relaxed and cornea and lens focus rays from a distant object not on retina but in front of it
See near objects fine but not distance objects

64
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sightedness

Seeing distant objects fine but not near objects

65
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Curvature of cornea is not perfectly round

66
Q

How much percentage of light should sunglasses transmit?

A

10-15% and should filter out uv rays

67
Q

Why should polarised sunglasses not be used?

A

May produce total loss of vision

68
Q

How can you avoid empty field myopia?

A

Focus on available distant objects

69
Q

What is autokinesis?

A

Visual illusion at night if you stare continuously at a single light against dark background. It will appear to move.

70
Q

How can you guard against autokinesis?

A

Maintaining movement of your eyes in normal scanning

Monitoring instruments

71
Q

A runway that slopes up will give you what illusion?

A

You will feel high and attempt to make a shallower approach

72
Q

A runway that slopes down will give what impression?

A

Give the impression low and make a higher/steeper approach

73
Q

What illusion does a narrow runway give?

A

That you are too high and you may delay the flare and land harder

74
Q

What illusion does a wide runway give?

A

Being too low and you may hold off flare

75
Q

What illusion does black hole approach give?

A

That you are higher than you think resulting in urge to fly down
Descent should be 5times ground speed for 3degrees approach

76
Q

What three areas are in the ear?

A

Outer, middle and inner ear

77
Q

Where are the three bones known As ossicles located?

A

Middle ear

78
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Converts mechanical energy from ossicles into electrical signals

79
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Excessive noise damaging the hairs in the cochlea and infection or injury causing damage to auditory nerve
Possible ringing in the ears

80
Q

What above what db do you need hearing protection?

A

80db

81
Q

At what db does noise become uncomfortable/painful?

A

120/130

82
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Loss of hearing due to increasing age

83
Q

Ear plugs can reduce noise by how many db?

A

20-40 db

84
Q

What makes up spatial orientation?

A

Visual 80%
Balance 10%
Seat of pants 10%

85
Q

How is gravity detected?

A

Sensory hairs in a sac filled with gelatinous material known as otolithic organ or utricle

86
Q

What does the otolith organ do with regards to g forces?

A

Detects them but doesn’t know its origin (direction)

87
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus do?

A

Sense angular acceleration
Recognises change in rotary motion due to lag of viscous fluid
Bends sensory hairs

88
Q

When are you likely or encounter “the leans?”

A

Slowly letting the wing drop then rapidly roll wings level

89
Q

What is the somatogravic illusion?

A

Sensation of nose rising as you accelerate

Greater the acceleration the greater the feeling

90
Q

How can you avoid airsickness?

A 
Anticipate and avoid area of turbulence
Eat lightly before hand
Focus on horizon
Avoid manoeuvres with unusual g force
Ventilate cabin with fresh cool air
91
Q

Above what g force produces physiological symptoms?

A

3.5

92
Q

Wen will a grey out occur?

A

3.5-4.5 g

93
Q

What are the two types of stressors?

A

Acute - immediate and disappears after a short time

Chronic - long lasting and fatiguing

94
Q

What is the body’s comfortable humidity range?

A

40-60%

95
Q

What is the comfortable temperature?

A

About 20degrees

96
Q

What are some symptoms of fatigue?

A 
Lack of awareness
Diminished motor skills
Obvious tiredness
Slow reactions
Short term memory problems
Channeled concentration (fixation)
Easily distracted
97
Q

How does the brain process information?

A 
Stimulation
Perception
Analysis
Action
Feedback 
Correction
98
Q

What are our sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, taste buds

99
Q

What are our receptors?

A

Skin and muscles

100
Q

How long are sounds remember for?

A

About 5 seconds

101
Q

How long are visual items stored for in the sensory memory?

A

About 1 second

102
Q

How do we improve short term memory?

A

Rehearse it or encode it

103
Q

How many items can the short term memory store and for how long?

A

About 7 items for about 15 seconds

104
Q

What is aircraft control law formula?

A

Configuration + power + attitude =flight path + speed

105
Q

What are the pilots primary control selections?

A

Attitude (pitch and bank)
Direction
Thrust
Configuration

106
Q

What are our performance references?

A

Track (course)
Airspeed and ground speed
Rate of climb/descent
Altitude

107
Q

What two tasks does the pilot in command have?

A

Be in control of aircraft

Be in command of situation

108
Q

The degree of control skills formula is?

A

Natural attributes + discipline + training + recent experience = level of skill and resulting operating standards

109
Q

What are the different awareness that encompass situational awareness?

A 
Geographic
Climatic
Temporal
Systems
Self
110
Q

What external factors affect pilots mind?

A

Environment
Ergonomics
Culture

111
Q

What are some examples of expected threats?

A

Anticipated/expected/known threats

Thunderstorms, windshear, intense traffic in terminal area

112
Q

What are some examples of unexpected threats?

A

Inflight malfunction

113
Q

What are some examples of latent threats?

A

Equipment design issues, optical illusion, shortened turn around schedules

114
Q

What are some examples of environmental threats?

A

Weather (thunderstorms, turbulence, icing, crosswind, temperatures)
ATS (traffic congestion, ATC error, language difficulty, ATS non standard phrases, runway change)
Airport (short runway, faded signs/markings, birds, construction)
Terraign (slope, lack of visual references, black hole
Operational pressures (delays, late, equipment changes)
Aircraft malfunction

115
Q

What are some examples of organisational threats?

A 
Flight attendant error
Maintenance ever/error
Ground handling event or error
Dispatch error
Documentation error
Crew scheduling error
116
Q

What are threats.

A

Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase operational complexity

117
Q

What are errors?

A

Actions or inactions by flight crew that lead to deviation from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations

118
Q

What are some examples of errors?

A

Mis setting an altitude (spontaneous and independent of threat)
Missing a checklist item due to radio interruption (induced by threat)
Iced pitot leading to airspeed error leading to incorrect pilot actions (link in chain of errors)

119
Q

What are the three categories of errors?

A

Aircraft handling
Procedural
communication

120
Q

What are some examples of aircraft handling errors?

A

Altitude, track or speed deviations, exceeding airspeed limitations, incorrect attitude, heading or power settings, wrong flap/speed brake or undercarriage setting

121
Q

What are some examples of procedural errors?

A

SOPs (failure to cross check settings/clearance limits)
Checklists (wrong challenge/response, items missed, late)
Briefings (omitted/incorrect)
Documentation (incorrect weight and balance or CoG, incorrect fuel calculations/quantity, ATIS, incorrect logbook or maintenance release entries,

122
Q

What are some examples of communication errors?

A

Missed calls, misinterpretation of instructions, incorrect read back, incorrectly stated or misread clearance

123
Q

What are the three undesired aircraft states categorised as?

A

Aircraft handling
Ground navigation
Incorrect aircraft configuration

124
Q

What are aircraft handling states?

A 
Aircraft control (attitude or heading deviation)
Altitude, track or speed deviations
Unnecessary weather penetration
Unauthorised airspace penetration
Exceeding aircraft limitation
Non stable approach
125
Q

What are ground navigation states?

A

Taxing to wrong taxiway
Exceeding taxi speed
Positions on wrong taxi way/ramp/gate or holding point

126
Q

What are incorrect aircraft configurations?

A 
Incorrect system configuration 
Incorrect flight controls configuration
Incorrect autopilot mode or value
Incorrect navaid or gps setting
Incorrect power setting
Incorrect fuel quantity or distribution
Incorrect loading

CPL (11 decks)

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