Human Factors 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Pilot Error percent of accidents
A
84%, 91% of fatal accidents
2
Q
What CRM isn’t
A
- Not a TC or aviation management creation
- Meant to improve morale or relationships
- Replace the need for technical training
- Something for airline pilots only
3
Q
What CRM is
A
- A request from pilots
- A tool to reduce accidents
- Requires recurrent training
- Formalizes existing knowledge
- Something for all personnel involved with a flight
4
Q
When do accidents occur
A
- 22% takeoff and landing
- 17% cruise
- 61% decent / Landing
5
Q
Usual Suspects for Accidents
A
- 35 to 39 years old
- Between 100 and 500 hours
- Personal flight in VMC
- Confidence vs Experience
6
Q
Dirty Dozen - Factors which affect your work
A
- Lack of communication
- Complacency
- Lack of Knowledge
- Distraction
- Lack of Teamwork
- Fatigue
- Lack of Resources
- Pressure
- Lack of Assertiveness
- Stress
- Lack of Awareness
- Norms
7
Q
Human Performance - Automatic
A
- Develops only with practice
- Very fast
- Can do several things at once
- Repetitive
- Little Conscious attention
- Skill-based
8
Q
Human Performance - Conscious - Rule Based
A
- Slower
- Sequential
- Can only actually think about one thing at a time
- Requires effort
9
Q
Human Performance - Conscious - Knowledge Based
A
- Nor familiar with the situation
- Not sure how to deal with it
- Use all the resources available to solve the problem
- Trial and error
10
Q
Pilot Decision Making (PDM)
A
- Process that begins with awareness of what is going on around you
- Need for situational awareness
- Acquired over time through training, experience, practice and studying
11
Q
DECIDE
A
- Detect Change
- Estimate the significance of that change
- Choose the Outcome Objective
- Identify Action Objectives
- Do the best action
- Evaluate and re-evaluate the situation
12
Q
Where do Most accidents start
A
- 63% of accident respondents said “in the preflight”
13
Q
Decision Making Strategies
A
- Minimize, setting a minimum requirement only
- Moralize, perceiving a moral obligation
- Muddle, incremental PDM, putting out fires
- Scanning, filing items as important or unimportant
- Denial, Eliminating a problem by not acknowledging it
- Optimizing, Examining all the data and making an informed decision
14
Q
Multi-Crew Operations
A
- Provide More Resources
- Provide redundancy
- Ease pilot workload
- Are sometimes required
- Must be done correctly or they provide no benefit
15
Q
Company Requirements
A
- If company requires 2 crew members, SIC may log time and use it as SIC time towards ATPL
- If company does not require 2 crew members, SIC can’t log any hours
16
Q
SOP’S and accidents
A
- Up to 70% of accidents might have been averted if proper SOP’s had been followed
17
Q
SOP requirements
A
- General
- Normal procedures
- Emergency procedures
- Diagrams
18
Q
Emergency and Abnormal Procedures
A
- Pilot flying will continue to fly the aircraft while the pilot monitoring will asses the situation, exception is that the PIC shall conduct all rejected takeoffs
- SIC is responsible for all passenger briefings, which must comply with the passenger safety card and the commercial air service standards
- All vital actions shall be confirmed before initiating the action
- Captain will call for the appropriate checklist
- Pilot monitoring will conduct the checklist
19
Q
Communication Effectiveness
A
- Nonverbal 55%
- Tone 38%
- Words 7%
- Proper radio phraseology is important
20
Q
Filters or Barriers
A
- Prejudice
- Noise/Lighting
- Distraction
- Culture
- Language
- Mechanical
21
Q
Effective Communication
A
- Requires Briefing
- Requires Constant Feedback
- Practice active listening
- Be clear, be understandable
22
Q
Consider Your Audience
A
- Technical Knowledge
- Experience and Training
- Prejudice and Stereotypes
- Un-resolved Conflict
- Expectations
- Relationships
- Stress and Fatigue
- Attitudes and Values
23
Q
Providing Feedback
A
- Negative feedback sometimes necessary
- Positive feedback has a better effect on crew performance
- Balance your feedback, good points, then weak points
24
Q
Communication
A
- PIC must set the example
- Flight crew must have a pre-trip briefing
- Good opportunity to cover the importance of safety, team communication and co-operation
- A similar post flight de-brief is required as well
25
Closed Questions
- Restrict the range of answers, gain specific information, can give the impression of interrogation if overused
26
Open Questions
Great deal of freedom in response, used to identify attitudes, takes a lot of time
27
Probe Questions
Requests clarification or elaboration
28
Assertiveness
- Don't ask a question when you really want to make a statement
- Stick to the subject
- Focus on the problem, not personalities
- Avoid sarcasm
- Use short, descriptive sentences
- De-personalize calls
- Two challenge rule, make sure to ask more than once
29
The Assertive Statement
- Get the persons attention
- Express your concern
- State the problem
- Propose a solution
- get a decision
30
PACE
- An attempt to standardize escalation of assertiveness
- Probing
- Alerting
- Challenging
- Emergency
31
Conflict
- Resolve Destructive Conflict right away
- Focus on what is right, not who is right
- Deal with conflict so that it doesn't build up
- Be rational and calm
32
Crew Resource Management
- The effective sue of all resources
- Reduces the effect of pilot error
- Does not take the final auithority away from the PIC
- If time does not allow, PIC must make independant decision
- If time does permit, should consolidate and brief a plan
