Human Factors 2

Question 1

Pilot Error percent of accidents

Answer 1

84%, 91% of fatal accidents

Question 2

What CRM isn’t

Answer 2

• Not a TC or aviation management creation
• Meant to improve morale or relationships
• Replace the need for technical training
• Something for airline pilots only

Question 3

What CRM is

Answer 3

• A request from pilots
• A tool to reduce accidents
• Requires recurrent training
• Formalizes existing knowledge
• Something for all personnel involved with a flight

Question 4

When do accidents occur

Answer 4

• 22% takeoff and landing
• 17% cruise
• 61% decent / Landing

Question 5

Usual Suspects for Accidents

Answer 5

• 35 to 39 years old
• Between 100 and 500 hours
• Personal flight in VMC
• Confidence vs Experience

Question 6

Dirty Dozen - Factors which affect your work

Answer 6

• Lack of communication
• Complacency
• Lack of Knowledge
• Distraction
• Lack of Teamwork
• Fatigue
• Lack of Resources
• Pressure
• Lack of Assertiveness
• Stress
• Lack of Awareness
• Norms

Question 7

Human Performance - Automatic

Answer 7

• Develops only with practice
• Very fast
• Can do several things at once
• Repetitive
• Little Conscious attention
• Skill-based

Question 8

Human Performance - Conscious - Rule Based

Answer 8

• Slower
• Sequential
• Can only actually think about one thing at a time
• Requires effort

Question 9

Human Performance - Conscious - Knowledge Based

Answer 9

• Nor familiar with the situation
• Not sure how to deal with it
• Use all the resources available to solve the problem
• Trial and error

Question 10

Pilot Decision Making (PDM)

Answer 10

• Process that begins with awareness of what is going on around you
• Need for situational awareness
• Acquired over time through training, experience, practice and studying

Question 11

DECIDE

Answer 11

• Detect Change
• Estimate the significance of that change
• Choose the Outcome Objective
• Identify Action Objectives
• Do the best action
• Evaluate and re-evaluate the situation

Question 12

Where do Most accidents start

Answer 12

• 63% of accident respondents said “in the preflight”

Question 13

Decision Making Strategies

Answer 13

• Minimize, setting a minimum requirement only
• Moralize, perceiving a moral obligation
• Muddle, incremental PDM, putting out fires
• Scanning, filing items as important or unimportant
• Denial, Eliminating a problem by not acknowledging it
• Optimizing, Examining all the data and making an informed decision

Question 14

Multi-Crew Operations

Answer 14

• Provide More Resources
• Provide redundancy
• Ease pilot workload
• Are sometimes required
• Must be done correctly or they provide no benefit

Question 15

Company Requirements

Answer 15

• If company requires 2 crew members, SIC may log time and use it as SIC time towards ATPL
• If company does not require 2 crew members, SIC can’t log any hours

Question 16

SOP’S and accidents

Answer 16

• Up to 70% of accidents might have been averted if proper SOP’s had been followed

Question 17

SOP requirements

Answer 17

• General
• Normal procedures
• Emergency procedures
• Diagrams

Question 18

Emergency and Abnormal Procedures

Answer 18

• Pilot flying will continue to fly the aircraft while the pilot monitoring will asses the situation, exception is that the PIC shall conduct all rejected takeoffs
• SIC is responsible for all passenger briefings, which must comply with the passenger safety card and the commercial air service standards
• All vital actions shall be confirmed before initiating the action
• Captain will call for the appropriate checklist
• Pilot monitoring will conduct the checklist

Question 19

Communication Effectiveness

Answer 19

• Nonverbal 55%
• Tone 38%
• Words 7%
• Proper radio phraseology is important

Question 20

Filters or Barriers

Answer 20

• Prejudice
• Noise/Lighting
• Distraction
• Culture
• Language
• Mechanical

Question 21

Effective Communication

Answer 21

• Requires Briefing
• Requires Constant Feedback
• Practice active listening
• Be clear, be understandable

Question 22

Consider Your Audience

Answer 22

• Technical Knowledge
• Experience and Training
• Prejudice and Stereotypes
• Un-resolved Conflict
• Expectations
• Relationships
• Stress and Fatigue
• Attitudes and Values

Question 23

Providing Feedback

Answer 23

• Negative feedback sometimes necessary
• Positive feedback has a better effect on crew performance
• Balance your feedback, good points, then weak points

Question 24

Communication

Answer 24

• PIC must set the example
• Flight crew must have a pre-trip briefing
• Good opportunity to cover the importance of safety, team communication and co-operation
• A similar post flight de-brief is required as well

Question 25

Closed Questions

Answer 25

• Restrict the range of answers, gain specific information, can give the impression of interrogation if overused

Question 26

Open Questions

Answer 26

Great deal of freedom in response, used to identify attitudes, takes a lot of time

Question 27

Probe Questions

Answer 27

Requests clarification or elaboration

Question 28

Assertiveness

Answer 28

• Don’t ask a question when you really want to make a statement
• Stick to the subject
• Focus on the problem, not personalities
• Avoid sarcasm
• Use short, descriptive sentences
• De-personalize calls
• Two challenge rule, make sure to ask more than once

Question 29

The Assertive Statement

Answer 29

• Get the persons attention
• Express your concern
• State the problem
• Propose a solution
• get a decision

Question 30

PACE

Answer 30

• An attempt to standardize escalation of assertiveness
• Probing
• Alerting
• Challenging
• Emergency

Question 31

Conflict

Answer 31

• Resolve Destructive Conflict right away
• Focus on what is right, not who is right
• Deal with conflict so that it doesn’t build up
• Be rational and calm

Question 32

Crew Resource Management

Answer 32

• The effective sue of all resources
• Reduces the effect of pilot error
• Does not take the final auithority away from the PIC
• If time does not allow, PIC must make independant decision
• If time does permit, should consolidate and brief a plan