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AVIA 203 - FM2A > Human Factors 1 > Flashcards

Human Factors 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A
  • 29.92 at seavel
  • half at 18000 ft
  • quarter at 34,000 ft
  • 10th at 54,000 ft
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2
Q

Decreased Atmospheric Pressure

A
  • Causes fall in pressure gradient at which oxygen is delivered to the lungs, results in hypoxia
  • Causes an expansion of the body gases, results in dysbarisms and decompression sickness
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3
Q

Atmosphere - Decrease of Partial Pressure

A

Causes Hypoxia

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4
Q

Atmosphere - Decrease of Total Pressure (Trapped Gas)

A

Causes Dysbarisms and Abdominal Pain

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5
Q

Atmosphere - Decrease in Total Pressure (Evolved Gas)

A

Causes Decompression Sickness

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6
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia

A
  • Lack of oxygen in the air
  • Normal Effect of altitude
  • Insidious, first symptom is Euphoria
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7
Q

Anaemic Hypoxia

A
  • Too few blood cells or too few haemoglobin to carry the oxygen
  • Usual cause is poor diet or loss of blood
  • Also caused by carbon monoxide blocking haemoglobin, exhaust fumes,
  • Smokers have 5-8% of haemoglobin blocked by CO2
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8
Q

Stagnant Hypoxia

A
  • Caused by reduced bloody supply to the tissues
  • Most common cause is high G-loads
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9
Q

Histoxic Hypoxia

A
  • Caused by interference from enzymes that require oxygen to produce energy
  • Type of chemical poisoning
  • Certain drugs or medicine can cause it
  • Can be caused by high blood alcohol levels
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10
Q

Night Vision

A
  • Retina of eye is very sensitive to hypoxia
  • Night vision marginally reduced at 5000’
  • Night vision reduced by 25% by 8000’
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11
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • Breathing more rapidly than necessary
  • May be obvious or barely noticeable
  • common to over breathe while under stress
  • can be exaggerated by anxiety and panic
  • Body reduces oxygen pressure at the brain, resulting in brain hypoxia
  • Warning signs are dizziness and pins and needles
  • Continued hyperventilation leads to Muscular spasms and unconsciousness
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12
Q

Treatment of Hypoxia and Hyperventilation

A
  • If below 8000 ft, hypoxia unlikely, slow breathing rate to 12/min
  • If above 8000 ft, take 3-4 breaths of oxygen/descend below 10,000 ft, if problems persist, treat as hyperventilation
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13
Q

Gas Expansion Effects - Ear

A
  • If Eustachian tube becomes blocked or plugged, eardrum will not vent and could rupture
  • Most likely on descent when pressure increases, since valve flaps OUT of ear
  • If experiencing ear pain on descent, climb back to original altitude, and descend slowly, clearing ears every few hundred feet with the valsalva technique
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14
Q

Gas Expansion Effects - Sinuses

A
  • Air pockets above the eyes, behind the nose, and in each cheek
  • Drainage tubes can become blocked due to a cold or hay fever
  • If experiencing ear pain on descent, climb back to original altitude, and descend slowly
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15
Q

Gas Expansion Effects - Teeth

A
  • Dental cavity may have trapped air beneath loose filling
  • Can cause severe pain due to air expanding as you climb
  • Trapped air in a dental abssess can also cause pain
  • Return to lower altitude
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16
Q

Gas Expansion Effects - Bowels

A
  • Gas always present in bowels
  • Trapped gas will expand during a climb
  • usually passed as flatulence
  • If air gets trapped in bowels, can cause severe discomfort
  • Pilots should avoid food that causes gas production
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17
Q

Decompression Sickness

A
  • Caused by release of nitrogen in form of gas bubbles from tissues as pressure decreases
  • Normally accumulates around joints and can form arthritis
  • Symptoms do not occur below 20,000 ft under normal circumstances
  • Creeps, Cramps, Chokes, Collapse
18
Q

Decompression Sickness - Creeps

A
  • Itchy sensation caused by tiny gas bubbles under the skin
  • Not a serious issue by itself, could be early warning to more serious effects
19
Q

Decompression Sickness - Cramps

A
  • Pains in joints due to air bubbles interfering with blood flow
  • Known as the “classic bends”
  • Pain is dull and may become severe
  • Exercise only make it worse
  • Symptoms can be relieved by descending to a lower altitude
20
Q

Decompression Sickness - Chokes

A
  • Feeling of difficulty breathing and pain behind the breastbone
  • Occurs when bubbles get into lung circulation
  • Sufferer will look ill, and may appear to be having a heart attack
  • Immediate descent must be made
21
Q

Decompression Sickness - Collapse

A
  • Final symptom, occurs when large bubbles interfere with blood supply to the brain
  • Fairly uncommon
  • Pilots more common to get bubbles in the brain, divers in the spinal cord
  • If experiencing, see doctor immediately
22
Q

Decompression Sickness - Scuba Diving and Flying

A
  • After non-decompression dives, don’t fly for 12 hours if flying below 8000 ASL
  • For compression dives, don’t fly for 24 hours if flying below 8000 ASL
  • If flying above 8000 ASL, must wait 24 hours for all dives
23
Q

How The Eye Sees

A
  • Cornea resolves image
  • Lens focuses image to centre of retina at back of eye
  • Retina connected to nerve cells, cell fibers meet to become optic nerve
  • Optic nerve runs to visual area of brain
24
Q

Sector Scan

A
  • Divide sky in 30º segments, slowly focusing on each
  • Scan 10º above and below the horizon
  • Use peripheral vision to detect movement
  • Use central vision to lock-on and recognize
25
Q

Empty Field Myopia

A
  • Occurs when field of vision is empty
  • At high altitude or at night
  • Focus of eye drifts in to a distance of 2 meters
  • Pilot must constantly focus the eye to infinity to maintain a good lookout (Look at distant object such as cloud, ground feature, or wingtip)
26
Q

Design Eye Reference Point (DERP)

A
  • Position of pilot’s eyes for best view of instruments and outside the cockpit
  • Not in POH of most light aircraft
  • Should be able to see ground 40 feet in front of where the aircraft is parked
27
Q

Kinaesthetic Illusions

A
  • Flying by the seat of your pants
  • Subconscious orientation sense we use in flight
  • Can be dangerously unreliable when peripheral vision is limited
28
Q

Visual Illusions - White out and Black Holes

A
  • Lack of Contrast
  • Makes depth perception practically impossible
29
Q

Visual Illusions - False Horizons

A
  • Haze layers
  • Cloud tops
  • Ground lights and stars may be confused
30
Q

Visual Illusions - Vectional Illusions

A
  • Illusions of false movement
  • Car beside you creeping forward at a stop light
31
Q

Visual Illusions - Autokinesis

A
  • Small fixed light viewed steadily at night appears to move
  • Caused by the eyes losing fixation
  • Can be overcome by looking away and then back again
32
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A
  • Most complex and dangerous illusion
  • Otoliths respond to linear acceleration
  • Semi-circular canals respond to pitch, roll, and yaw
  • Work similar to swishing a glass of water
  • Accurate on the ground, but can be inaccurate in flight
33
Q

Vestibular Illusions - Linear Accelerations

A
  • Information provided by Otoliths
  • Aircraft acceleration is a pitch up illusion, tendency to pitch nose down on takeoff
  • Aircraft deceleration is a pitch down illusion, tendency to pitch up on transition to approach
34
Q

Vestibular Illusions - Angular Accelerations

A
  • Information provided by circuler canals
  • Can cause opposite turning illusion after pilot rolls out of a turn
35
Q

Coreolis Effect

A
  • Caused by inappropriate head movements
  • Can create a violent sensation of tumbling
  • Turning the head sharply is extremely hazardous, expecially turning against the turn
36
Q

The Leans

A

Pilot feels banked attitude when straight and level

37
Q

Fatigue

A

After 17 hours awake, a person performs as well as a person with a BAC of 0.05, and 1.0 after 24 hours

38
Q

Sleep Stages

A
  • Transitional, sleep-awake, slow wave, deep sleep
  • Slow wave is where REM occurs, must have REM to properly rest
  • Deep sleep associated with physical restoration, growth, and the body’s immune system
39
Q

Pilot Fatigue Considerations

A
  • Try to get 10 hours of sleep the night before a shift change
  • If tired and circumstances allow, take a 30-45 min or 90 min nap, NASA nap
  • If fatigued in flight, try to do something that requires thinking
40
Q

Jet Lag

A

One day’s recovery time per time zone of difference

41
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • Grounded at latest by week 30 for as little as 4-6 weeks

AVIA 203 - FM2A (9 decks)

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