Human Diseases Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards
Differentiation
maturation from nonspecific cell type to a specialized one
Stem Cell
a nonspecific pluripotent cell; main fn is to divide and produce daughtr cells which pass through several stages
Labile Cells
cells that are continuously dividing; can regenerate and undergo hyper plasia and neoplasia; ex skin gi tract bone
Stable Cells
normally divide only in response to injury; ex: kidney and liver
Permanent Cells
Do not normally undergo division once mature; ex: cardiac muscle, neurons
Two Types of Cells
Germ Cells (sex cells) and Somatic Cells (body cells)
Somatic Cells Categories
Epithelial Cells, Connective Tissue Cells, Muscle Cells, Nervous Tissue Cells
Epithelial Cells
arise from ectoderm and endoderm to form skin and lining of body spaces; Surface lining cells: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Transitional Epithelium, Columnar Epithelium; Three groups: glands, tubules, cords (sheets)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
forms a tough protectiv barrier; keratinized or nonkeratinized
Transitional Epithelium
multilayered; lacks keratin; urinary tract: renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Columnar Epithelium
usually composed of one layer of tall cells; mucus secreting; forms mucus membranes linngs
Connective Tissue Cells
derived from mesoderm; not close; produce subsances; labile and stable cells; fibroblasts –> collagen; osteocytes -> bone
Muscle Cells
derived from mesoderm; resemble epithelial cells; elongated fiber-like structures and have contractile cytoplasm; heart muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue Cells
derived from ectoderm; neurons and supporting cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells); permanent cells
Tumor
any mass or swelling; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation; refers to growth
Hyperplasia
exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in number of cells; labile cells; response to physio or patho stimulus
Hypertropy
exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in size of cells; stable cells
Neoplasia
“new growth”, proliferation of cells that are independent of normal growth control mechanisms; autonomous growth (absence of growth-promoting stim, genetic changes)
Malignant
a neoplasm that has potential to spread widely throughout the body and cause death
Cancer
Malignant Neoplasm
Increased Cellular Demand
1) Functional demand 2) hormonal demand 3) inflammatory stimulus 4) Chronic irritaton
Physiologic Hypertrophy
enlargement in response to normal physiologic demand; weight training
Pathologic Hypertrophy
enlargement in response to abnormal conditions; Inc TSH
Premalignant Lesion
a lesion with increased likelihood of developing into cancer
Atrophy
dec in size of cells, tissues, and organs; can be physio or patho; causes: dec stim by hormones, pressure from mass, dec work of muscle cells, age, innervation; usually not a premalignant condition
Metaplasia
replacement of one tissue type with another; commonly involves change from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium; physio or patho; ex Cervix; cigarette smoking
Hyperplasia and Neoplasia BOTH
inc cell proliferation resulting in inc tissue mass; produce lesions detected by vision, palpation, radiographic imaging, presumption
Inflammation, Hyperplasia, Benign Neoplasm, Malignant Neoplasm
Inf - remove causative stim; hyperplasia - remove caus. stim. or remove lesion; Benign - remove lesion; Malignant - depends on how advanced: curative and palliative
Curative Therapy
attempt to remove all of the cancer by surgery, radiation, or drugs
Palliative Therapy
attempting to control the effects of cancer when there’s no chance of a cure; by surgery radiation or chemotherapy
Tumor Stage
?
Classification of Neoplasm
Benign, malignant, uncertain malignant
Benign Neoplasm
generally localized, discrete masses of cells that reman confined to their site; do not spread; may or may not have symptoms; on body surface extend outwards (polyps); form fibrous rim ; easily removed minimal cell atypia; ___-oma
Polyp
any abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface; usually benignf
Malignant
potential to invade and metastasize; cellular atypia, invasion, metastasis
Cellular Atypia
enlarged nuclei, dec amts of cyto, irreg nuc placement, multiple nucleoli, freq mitotic figures
Dysplasia
atypical cell growth that has acquired some of the genetic alterations for the development of malignancy, but is localized to the tissue of origin; precursor lesion; low grade to high grade;
in situ
dysplasia that stays above the basement membrane; usually high grade; if past basement membrane: carcinoma
Invasion
direct extension of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue w/o regard to tissue boundary
Metastasis
transplantation of cells to entirely new site; often to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones; usually not curable
Carcinoma
refers to malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
Sarcoma
refers to malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue (connectiv tissue and muscle)
Common Cancers
2nd leading cause of death; basal and squamous cell carcinoma - rarely fatal; incidence of malignant tumors is twice the mortality rate
Variables of cancer
site of development, gender, age
Prognosis of cancer depends on:
type of cancer, extent of spread, efficacy of existing therapy
Etiology
study of cause
Genetic Alteration
basis of development of cancer
Initiation
alterations that cause autonomous growth potential; turn oncogenes on; stimulated by carcinogen
Carcinogens
agents that trigger cells to develop cancer; can be physical, chemical, or biologic agents
Promotion
selective growth of the initiated cells; does not involve new mutations
Progression
acquisition of additional DNA mutations; resulting in multiple clones that constitute neoplasm
Transformation
process by which normal cells first lose imp. checks on their growth
Oncogene
genes that code for growth-enhancing products such as growth factors
Tumor Suppressor Genes
keep oncogenes in check; ex: p53
Local Manifestations of Cancer
relate to symptoms at cancer site; mass, pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, pathologic fracture
Systemic Manifestations of Cancer
relate to symptoms not limited to cancer site; infection, anemia, cachexia, hormone production
Anorexia
loss of appetite
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
ectopic hormone production by a neoplasm with associated symptoms
Diagnosis
1) lab tests: biopsy, blood smear, cytology 2) radiologic exam 3) endoscopic exam
Tissue Diagnosis
diagnosis based on microscopic exam of biopsy sample
Screening Procedures
tests to identify different types of disease at treatable stages; ex: papsmear, psa blood test, mammography, colonoscopy
Pap Smear
use a sample of cells scraped from the cervix and examined microscopically
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen; checks blood
Stage
a definition of the extent of a cancer in the body; invasive/noninvasive; lymph nodes/no; metastasis/no; Stage I to IV
TNM System
system used to determine stage; T describes tumor, N describes lymph node metastasis, and M describes metastasis in general
5 or 10 Year Survival
what % of patients with that particular neoplasm will still be alive 5 or 10 years after initial diagnosis
Grade
assessment of how aggressive the growth looks or how differentiated it looks
Differentiated
resembling the tissue of origin; vs atypia
Treatments
Surgical Removal; Radiation Therapy; Chemotherapy; Hormonal Therapy
