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Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals > Human Diseases Chapters 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Human Diseases Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiation

A

maturation from nonspecific cell type to a specialized one

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2
Q

Stem Cell

A

a nonspecific pluripotent cell; main fn is to divide and produce daughtr cells which pass through several stages

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3
Q

Labile Cells

A

cells that are continuously dividing; can regenerate and undergo hyper plasia and neoplasia; ex skin gi tract bone

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4
Q

Stable Cells

A

normally divide only in response to injury; ex: kidney and liver

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5
Q

Permanent Cells

A

Do not normally undergo division once mature; ex: cardiac muscle, neurons

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6
Q

Two Types of Cells

A

Germ Cells (sex cells) and Somatic Cells (body cells)

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7
Q

Somatic Cells Categories

A

Epithelial Cells, Connective Tissue Cells, Muscle Cells, Nervous Tissue Cells

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8
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

arise from ectoderm and endoderm to form skin and lining of body spaces; Surface lining cells: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Transitional Epithelium, Columnar Epithelium; Three groups: glands, tubules, cords (sheets)

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9
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

forms a tough protectiv barrier; keratinized or nonkeratinized

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

multilayered; lacks keratin; urinary tract: renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

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11
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

usually composed of one layer of tall cells; mucus secreting; forms mucus membranes linngs

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

derived from mesoderm; not close; produce subsances; labile and stable cells; fibroblasts –> collagen; osteocytes -> bone

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13
Q

Muscle Cells

A

derived from mesoderm; resemble epithelial cells; elongated fiber-like structures and have contractile cytoplasm; heart muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

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14
Q

Nervous Tissue Cells

A

derived from ectoderm; neurons and supporting cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells); permanent cells

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15
Q

Tumor

A

any mass or swelling; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation; refers to growth

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in number of cells; labile cells; response to physio or patho stimulus

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17
Q

Hypertropy

A

exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in size of cells; stable cells

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18
Q

Neoplasia

A

“new growth”, proliferation of cells that are independent of normal growth control mechanisms; autonomous growth (absence of growth-promoting stim, genetic changes)

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19
Q

Malignant

A

a neoplasm that has potential to spread widely throughout the body and cause death

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20
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant Neoplasm

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21
Q

Increased Cellular Demand

A

1) Functional demand 2) hormonal demand 3) inflammatory stimulus 4) Chronic irritaton

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22
Q

Physiologic Hypertrophy

A

enlargement in response to normal physiologic demand; weight training

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23
Q

Pathologic Hypertrophy

A

enlargement in response to abnormal conditions; Inc TSH

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24
Q

Premalignant Lesion

A

a lesion with increased likelihood of developing into cancer

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25
Q

Atrophy

A

dec in size of cells, tissues, and organs; can be physio or patho; causes: dec stim by hormones, pressure from mass, dec work of muscle cells, age, innervation; usually not a premalignant condition

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26
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one tissue type with another; commonly involves change from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium; physio or patho; ex Cervix; cigarette smoking

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27
Q

Hyperplasia and Neoplasia BOTH

A

inc cell proliferation resulting in inc tissue mass; produce lesions detected by vision, palpation, radiographic imaging, presumption

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28
Q

Inflammation, Hyperplasia, Benign Neoplasm, Malignant Neoplasm

A

Inf - remove causative stim; hyperplasia - remove caus. stim. or remove lesion; Benign - remove lesion; Malignant - depends on how advanced: curative and palliative

29
Q

Curative Therapy

A

attempt to remove all of the cancer by surgery, radiation, or drugs

30
Q

Palliative Therapy

A

attempting to control the effects of cancer when there’s no chance of a cure; by surgery radiation or chemotherapy

31
Q

Tumor Stage

A

?

32
Q

Classification of Neoplasm

A

Benign, malignant, uncertain malignant

33
Q

Benign Neoplasm

A

generally localized, discrete masses of cells that reman confined to their site; do not spread; may or may not have symptoms; on body surface extend outwards (polyps); form fibrous rim ; easily removed minimal cell atypia; ___-oma

34
Q

Polyp

A

any abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface; usually benignf

35
Q

Malignant

A

potential to invade and metastasize; cellular atypia, invasion, metastasis

36
Q

Cellular Atypia

A

enlarged nuclei, dec amts of cyto, irreg nuc placement, multiple nucleoli, freq mitotic figures

37
Q

Dysplasia

A

atypical cell growth that has acquired some of the genetic alterations for the development of malignancy, but is localized to the tissue of origin; precursor lesion; low grade to high grade;

38
Q

in situ

A

dysplasia that stays above the basement membrane; usually high grade; if past basement membrane: carcinoma

39
Q

Invasion

A

direct extension of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue w/o regard to tissue boundary

40
Q

Metastasis

A

transplantation of cells to entirely new site; often to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones; usually not curable

41
Q

Carcinoma

A

refers to malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

42
Q

Sarcoma

A

refers to malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue (connectiv tissue and muscle)

43
Q

Common Cancers

A

2nd leading cause of death; basal and squamous cell carcinoma - rarely fatal; incidence of malignant tumors is twice the mortality rate

44
Q

Variables of cancer

A

site of development, gender, age

45
Q

Prognosis of cancer depends on:

A

type of cancer, extent of spread, efficacy of existing therapy

46
Q

Etiology

A

study of cause

47
Q

Genetic Alteration

A

basis of development of cancer

48
Q

Initiation

A

alterations that cause autonomous growth potential; turn oncogenes on; stimulated by carcinogen

49
Q

Carcinogens

A

agents that trigger cells to develop cancer; can be physical, chemical, or biologic agents

50
Q

Promotion

A

selective growth of the initiated cells; does not involve new mutations

51
Q

Progression

A

acquisition of additional DNA mutations; resulting in multiple clones that constitute neoplasm

52
Q

Transformation

A

process by which normal cells first lose imp. checks on their growth

53
Q

Oncogene

A

genes that code for growth-enhancing products such as growth factors

54
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

keep oncogenes in check; ex: p53

55
Q

Local Manifestations of Cancer

A

relate to symptoms at cancer site; mass, pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, pathologic fracture

56
Q

Systemic Manifestations of Cancer

A

relate to symptoms not limited to cancer site; infection, anemia, cachexia, hormone production

57
Q

Anorexia

A

loss of appetite

58
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

ectopic hormone production by a neoplasm with associated symptoms

59
Q

Diagnosis

A

1) lab tests: biopsy, blood smear, cytology 2) radiologic exam 3) endoscopic exam

60
Q

Tissue Diagnosis

A

diagnosis based on microscopic exam of biopsy sample

61
Q

Screening Procedures

A

tests to identify different types of disease at treatable stages; ex: papsmear, psa blood test, mammography, colonoscopy

62
Q

Pap Smear

A

use a sample of cells scraped from the cervix and examined microscopically

63
Q

PSA

A

Prostate-specific antigen; checks blood

64
Q

Stage

A

a definition of the extent of a cancer in the body; invasive/noninvasive; lymph nodes/no; metastasis/no; Stage I to IV

65
Q

TNM System

A

system used to determine stage; T describes tumor, N describes lymph node metastasis, and M describes metastasis in general

66
Q

5 or 10 Year Survival

A

what % of patients with that particular neoplasm will still be alive 5 or 10 years after initial diagnosis

67
Q

Grade

A

assessment of how aggressive the growth looks or how differentiated it looks

68
Q

Differentiated

A

resembling the tissue of origin; vs atypia

69
Q

Treatments

A

Surgical Removal; Radiation Therapy; Chemotherapy; Hormonal Therapy

Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals (4 decks)

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