Human Diseases Chapter 1 Flashcards
Disease
a structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism
Homeostasis
the body’s ability to physiologically regulate itself, to adapt to minor fluctuations
Allopathic medicine
Conventional practice of medicine with biological bases for treatment
Anatomic Pathology
Medical specialty involved with performing autopsies and examining tissues and fluids removed from live patients for the purpose of diagnosis
Cellular Basis of Disease
The tracing of disease to deranged structures or functions of cells
Clinical Pathologist
A physician who analyzes various specimens removed from patients such as blood, urine, and sputum to determine the type and cause of disease
Complications
Secondary problems that emerge as a consequence of treatment
Cytopathology
The study of cellular changes for the diagnosis of disease
Developmental Disease
diseases that developed during an individual’s life in utero (during embryonic and fetal development)
Diagnosis
Observation, history, and laboratory results used to determine the specific disease being experienced by the patient
Differential Diagnosis
A list of possible diagnoses that fit the physical and historical presentation of a patient’s illness
Endogenous
Agents acting from inside the body; three categories: Vascular, immunologic, and metabolic diseases
Etiology
Cause of diseses
Evidence-Based Medicine
Guidelines for treatment based on the empirical evidence and advice issued by experts
Exogenous
Agents acting from outside the body; divided into physical, chemical, and microbiologic injury
Experimental Pathology
a.k.a investigative pathology; science that seeks to ink the presentation of a disease in a whole organism with its fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, with the research findings being applied to its diagnosis and treatment
External Agents of Injury
Physical, chemical, or microbial causes of injury
Follow-Up
checking the patient after treatment to monitor the progress
Functional Disease
Diseases in which there are no visible lesions, at least at the onset of the disease; most common functional diseases are tension headache and irritable bowel syndrome; other examples: diabetes and hypertension
Genetic Disease
Disease caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of the individual, either at the level of chromosomes, or at the genetic level
History
Listening to the patient or patient’s relatives to ascertain the symptoms, and reviewing any other past or present medical problems that might relate to them
Hyperplasia
The abnormal proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue resulting in an increase in cells
Iatrogenic
Adverse reactions resulting from treatment applied by a healthcare provider
Idiopathic
Disease of unknown cause
Immunologic Disease
Disease caused by aberrations of the immune system
Infection
Microbiologic injury caused by organisms of bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan origin
Inflammation
The vascular and cellular response to necrosis or sublethal cell injury that is the body’s mechanism of limiting the spread of injury
Internal Mechanism of Injury
vascular insufficiency, immunologic reactions, and metabolic disturbbances
Laboratory Finding
Observations made by the application of tests or special procedures
Lesion
Structural changes within the body caused by disease
Metabolic Disease
biochemical disorders involving lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, or vitamins
Neoplasia
The abnormal proliferation of cells
Nosocomial
Disease acquired from a hospital environmen
Structural Disease
organic disease; Diseases characterized by structural changes within the body; Categories: 1) Genetic and Developmental diseases 2) Acquired injuries and inflammatory diseases 3) Hyperplasias and Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Structural and functional mechanisms leading to disease
Pathology
the study of disease
Pathophysiology
derangement of function in disease
Physical Examination
The process by which a healthcare specialist examines the body for signs of disease
Prognosis
A prediction about the course a disease will take
Repair
The body’s attempt to replace dead cells, whether by regeneration of the original tissue or by replacement with connective scar tissue
Sign
Physical observation made by the examiner of the patient
Surgical Pathology
A branch of pathology that makes diagnoses based on gross, microscopic, and other tests on tissue removed from live patients during surgery; used to develop treatment strategies
Symptom
evidence of disease perceived by the patient
Syndrome
A cluster of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease
Trauma
injury caused by extrinsic factors
Vascular Disease
inlude obstruction of blood supply to an organ or tissue, hemorrhage, or altered blood flow
Workup
Investigation of a patient’s symptoms to determine the cause of the ailment
Steps in the Care of a Patient’s Illness
1) Gather facts: history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiology tests 2) Interpret the facts and render a diagnosis 3) Treat the patient, if feasible 4) Follow up on results of treatment
Obstacles to Patient Care
availability of resources, nature of particular disease, and clinician’s ability to understand disease processes
Reactions to Injury
Inflammation and Repair
