Human Diseases Chapter 4 Flashcards
Abscess
a localized collection of pus
Adhesion
Usually refers to the process of platelets or leukocytes sticking to endothelium
Adiposity
An increased storage of fat in fat cells
Amyloid
A hyaline deposit that stains with the dye Congo red
Anaphylaxis
Severe acute hypersensitivity with vasodilation resulting in shock and bronchoconstriction resulting in inability to breathe
Anoxia
Absence of oxygen; common cause for acute injury and necrosis
Antibodies
Gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other fluids, used by the immune system to neutralize foreign materials
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms
Arachidonic Acid
A phospholipid-rich fatty acid present in the membranes of the body’s cells
Atrophy
A partial or complete wasting away of a cell or organ; examples: senile atrophy, disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, pressure atrophy, and endocrine atrophy
Autoimmune reaction
The body’s immune system reacts to its own tissues, producing destructive diseases
Boil
A skin abcess involving an entire hair follicle and nearby skin tissue
Bradykinin
A peptide that causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Brown Atrophy
The brown color of the heart and the liver that develops with aging due to the accumulation of lipofuscin pigment in myocardial fibers and hepatocytes
Cardinal Signs (Manifestations) of Inflammation
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
Caseous necrosis
A form of tissue death in a granuloma, meaning it has a cheese-like appearance; fairly specific for tuberculosis
Cell Membrane
A covering that protects the cell from physical injury and selectively regulates the entrance and exit of various ions and nutrients
Cellular Immune System
A system of lymphocytes with immune functions
Cellulitis
A spreading of infection of soft tissue
Chemokines
Small proteins produced by the body during the inflammatory response
Chemotaxis
The movement of white blood cells in response to a chemical gradient
Coagulation (clotting) system
The system in the body responsible for clot formation and hemostasis
Coagulation Necrosis
A type of cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction
Collagen
A group of naturally occurring proteins found in connective tissue
Comedones
pimples; the basic lesion of acne; blackheads and whiteheads
Complement
A group of special serum proteins that often take part in antigen-antibody reactions
Cytokines
Small proteins secreted by specific cells of the immune system that initiate or modify inflammatory responses
Cytoplasmic organelles
The membrane-bound structures in a cell; mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi aparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, vacuoles
Debridement
removal of foreign material and necrotic tissue
Degeneration
Mild forms of injury that produce sublethal cells or tissue injury without necrosis
Denervation atrophy
Muscle cell degeneration resulting from loss of nervous stimulation
Disues atrophy
Loss of muscle mass and strength due to a prolonged period of immobility
Dystrophic Calcification
Calcium deposits in an abnormal location
Edema
Leakage of fluid into tissue
Embolus
Any particulate object (usually clotted blood) that travels in the bloodstream from one site to another.
Emigration
A process by which leukocytes exit from the vascular space
Empyema
A collection of pus between the chest wall and lung.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Divided into rough and smooth; the rough’s function is to process newly synthesized peptides from ribosomes, and the smooth’s is to synthesize and metabolize lipids.
Enzymatic fat necrosis
Necrosis resulting from the action of pancreatic lipase on fat.
Epithelial cells
Cells that work together to carry out specialized functions, such as protection of body surfaces, secretion of specific products, and special metabolic functions.
Epithelioid cells
Activated macrophages that resemble epithelial cells.
Exudates
Extravascular fluid that is protein rich and cloudy and produced in pathologic conditions
Factor XII
(Hageman factor) A plasma protein in the coagulation cascade.
Fatty change
Accumulation of lipids within cells.
Fibrin
A filamentous protein involved in the clotting of blood.
Fibrinogen
A soluble blood protein that may leak into an inflamed site and be converted to fibrin.
Fibrinous exudate
Material noted after severe injury when large molecules such as fibrinogen and fibrin pass through the vascular barrier and deposit in the extracellular space.
Fibrous connective tissue repair
A biochemical and cellular process in which damaged tissue is replaced by scar.
Foreign body granulomas
A reaction to foreign or endogenous material too large to be ingested by macrophages.
Free oxygen radicals
Unstable oxygen molecules that have only a single unpaired electron in their outer orbit and that are generated by the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. They react with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, releasing energy that damages membranes and DNA.
Furuncle
A small abscess centered about a hair follicle.
Gangrenous necrosis (gangrene)
Coagulation necrosis with superimposed decomposition by saprophytic bacteria.
Giant cells
A mass formed by the union of several distinct cells, usually in response to an infection or foreign body.
Glycogen storage disease
An accumulation of carbohydrates; there are several variants of the disease.
Golgi apparatus
Major site in a cell for sorting and modifications of proteins and lipids.
Granulation tissue
The tissue composed of blood cells, capillaries, and fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
Hageman factor
(also, Factor XII) A plasma protein in the coagulation cascade.
Hemochromatosis
Excessive iron accumulation in tissues associated with tissue damage.
Hemosiderosis
A genetic disorder affecting iron storage.
Histamine
A vasoactive and bronchoconstricting amine.
Histiocytes
Tissue macrophages.
Humoral immunity
Immunity mediated by secreted antibodies.
Hyaline
A dense, homogeneous, eosinophilic deposit in tissue.
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow in dilated vessels.
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen.
Infarcts
Areas of tissue death due to occlusive conditions of the arteries.
Infectious disease
Any disease directly caused by pathogens.
Ischemia
Localized hypoxia due to poor blood flow.
Karyolysis
The breakdown or fading of the nucleus of a cell.
Karyorrhexis
The fragmentation of the nucleus of a cell.
Kinin system
A poorly delineated system of blood proteins that plays a role in inflammation, blood pressure control, homeostasis, coagulation, and pain.
Leukocytes
White blood cells, including lymphocytes and granulocytes.
Leukotriene
A metabolite of arachidonic acid produced locally by cells that act as a short-range hormone, especially in inflammation.
Lipofuscin pigment
A pigment composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein, which is the residue of lysosomal digestion of cellular debris. It has no clinical significance other than being a marker for aging or increased cellular damage.
Liquefaction necrosis
A type of necrosis characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal infections.
Lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system and collectively has multiple functions.
Lysis
Cell breakage.
Lysosomes
Organelles responsible for the degradation of various macromolecules in the cell.
Macrophages
Types of white blood cells that destroy foreign material and secrete cytokines.
Margination
Movement of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the endothelium in preparation for emigration from the vessel as part of the inflammatory process.
Mast cells
Bone-marrow–derived cells found in several different types of tissues and that contain vasoactive amines and other inflammatory mediators.
Membrane attack complex
An aggregate of activated complement proteins that kill cells by damaging the cell membrane.
Metastatic calcification
Calcium accumulation in normal tissues, especially those that excrete acid from the body such as renal tubules, lung, and gastric mucosa.
Mitochondria
Complex, membranous cell organelles that generate energy for use by the cell.
Monocyte
A type of leukocyte in the blood that is called a macrophage or histiocyte in tissue.
Necrosis
The death of cells or tissue due to an endogenous or exogenous injury.
Necrotizing fasciitis
A rare soft-tissue infection that leads to the destruction of muscle, skin, and underlying tissue.
Neutrophils
The most common type of white blood cells, capable of phagocytosis.
Opsonins
Phagocytosis-promoting antibodies.
Organ
One or more tissues arranged into a structure that carries out a major body function.
Organization
The process of fibrous repair.
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Parenchymal
The cells and tissues that carry out the main function of an organ and are usually the most abundant and unique to an organ.
Paronychia
A skin infection that occurs around the fingernails.
Phagocytes
Neutrophils and macrophages.
Phagocytosis
The act of engulfing particulate matter.
Pressure atrophy
Atrophy resulting from steady pressure on a tissue.
Prostaglandins
Metabolite of arachidonic acid produced locally by cells and influencing inflammation.
Proteins
Aggregates of individual amino acids that can be synthesized in the body
Purulent exudate
(also, pus) A thick, creamy mixture of fluids, dead tissue, and neutrophils.
Pyknosis
Condensation of the nucleus of a cell.
Pyogenic
Eliciting of a neutrophilic inflammatory response with purulent exudate (pus generating).
Regeneration
The replacement of the destroyed tissue by cells similar to those previously present.
Resolution
The removal of dead tissue and particulate material by macrophages following inflammation.
Ribosomes
Cell organelles that make proteins from amino acids.
Sarcoidosis
A generalized, noncaseating granulomatous disease of unknown cause and with varying clinical manifestations. The organs most commonly involved are lung and lymph nodes.
Scar
A tough mass of collagen.
Senile atrophy
Wasting or diminution of tissues characterized by advanced age.
Sublethal (reversible) cell injury
Where the cells are damaged but capable of repair.
Suppurative inflammation
An inflammatory reaction with purulent exudate.
Thrombus
A blood clot that forms during life in a blood vessel due to activation of the coagulation mechanism.
Tissue
A functional grouping of cells and intercellular substances.
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
A severe illness caused by an exotoxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs.
Transudate
The edema fluid produced by increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure in the blood that has a low protein content.
Ulcer
A local excavation of an epithelium, such as skin or mucous membranes.
Vasoactive amine
A chemical containing amino groups that acts on blood vessels to alter their permeability or cause vasodilation.
