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Biology > Human Digestive System > Flashcards

Human Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the mode of nutrition
Human take in bread and digest it in the body

A

Holozoic nutrition

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2
Q

Identify the following mode of nutrition
- Photosynthesis

A

Au/to/tro/phic nutrition

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3
Q

Identify the mode off nutrition
Bread mould

A
  • Sa/pro/phy/tic nutrition
  • break down the food outside the body
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4
Q

Identify the mode of nutrition
- tapeworms

A
  • Pa/ra/si/tic nutrition
  • live inside the body of other organism
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5
Q

Arrange the sequence in which the food entering the digestive system
Stomach, small intestine, mouth cavity, anus, pharynx, large intestine, oesophagus

A

Mouth cavity → Pharynx → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus

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6
Q

What is the function of incisor

A

Biting and cutting food

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7
Q

What is the function of canine ?

A

Tearing flesh

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8
Q

What are the function of premolar and molar ?

A

Crushing and grinding food

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9
Q

The process of chewing food into smaller pieces is called __________

A

Mastication

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10
Q

The dental formula of human is 2123.

  1. How many teeth does human have ?
  2. The four number represent what kind of teeth respectively ?
A
  1. 32 (28 if wisdom teeth are removed, wt is also regarded as the third wisdom teeth )
  2. Incisor, canine, premolar and molar
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11
Q

What is the function of cementum.

A

Protects the tooth from wearing down as a result of chewing

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12
Q

Determine and explain the following body parts are living or non-living
(i) Enamel
(ii) Dentine

A

(i) Non-living
(ii) Living, contain strands of living cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are the functions of pulp cavity ? (5 marks)

A
  • Contain blood vessels
  • supply oxygen and *nutrients to the teeth
  • remove waste from it
  • contain nerve fibres
  • detect temperature and pressure
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14
Q

Define “physical digestion”. Briefly describe its effect. (3 marks)

A
  • break down food into *smaller piece
  • by physical action
  • increase surface area of the food for the digestive juice to work on
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15
Q

Define “chemical digestion” (3 marks)

A
  • break down large, complex food molecule
  • into small and soluble molecules
  • catalysed by digestive enzymes
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16
Q

Physical digestion in mouth cavity

A

chewing/mastication

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17
Q

Chemical digestion in mouth cavity, which digestve gland is responible for this ?

A
  • salivary gland
  • it produce salivary amylase
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18
Q

State three substances in saliva. (3 marks)

A
  • salivary amylase
  • mucus
  • water
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19
Q

Function of salivary amylase

A
  • catalyse the breakdown of starch to maltose
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20
Q

Function of mucus in saliva. (3 marks)

A
  • bind food particles together
  • moisten and lubricates food
  • make them easier to be ***masticated and swallowed
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21
Q

Function of water in saliva.

A
  • dissolve soluble *substances in the food
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22
Q

Describe the process of moving food from oesophagus to stomach. (5 marks)

A
  • peristalsis
  • behind the bolus: circular muscle *contract and longitudinal muscle *relax
  • lumen smaller (squeeze)
  • in front of the bolus: circular muscle *relax and longitudinal muscle *contract
  • lumen larger (slide through)
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23
Q

Function of cardiac sphincter.

A

Its contraction prevent food flowing back to oesophagus

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24
Q

Which organ’s contraction prevent food flowing back to oesophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

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25
Q

Function of pyloric sphincter.

A

Its contraction control the release of food into the duodenum

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26
Q

Which organ’s contraction control the release of food into the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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27
Q

Physical digestion in stomach

A

churning

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28
Q

Which juice is involved in the digestion in stomach.

A

gastric juice

29
Q

Three substances in gastric juice

A
  • pepsin
  • hydrochloric acid
  • mucus
30
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. (2 marks)

A
  • provide an acidic medium for the action of pepsin
  • kills most bacteria in food
31
Q

Function of pepsin in gastric juice. (2 marks)

A
  • A protease
  • catalyse the breakdown of protein into peptide
32
Q

Function of mucus in gastric juice. (2 marks)

A
  • protect the stomach from being digested by pepsin
  • damaged by hydrochloric acid
33
Q

The _______sphincter release _________ into the duodenum after digestion in stomach completed.

A

pyloric sphincter,
chy/me

34
Q

Production of bile

35
Q

Storage of bile

A

gall bladder

36
Q

Three substances in bile

A
  • bile salt
  • bile pigments
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate
37
Q

Function of bile salt. (3 marks)

A
  • emulsify lipids into smaller droplets
  • increasing surface area of lipids for lipase to work on
  • facilitate chemical digestion
38
Q

Bile pigment. (2 marks)

A
  • wasted product from the breakdown of haemoglobin from *red blood cells
  • *excreted in faeces
39
Q

Function of sodium hydrogencarbonate in gastric juice. (3 marks)

A
  • neutralize the acidic chyme
  • protect the small intestine from being damaged
  • provides alkaline medium for the action of the enzymes in small intestine
40
Q

Substances in the pancreatic juice. (4 marks)

A
  • pancreatic amylase
  • pancreatic lipase
  • proteases (pancreatic protease ????)
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate
41
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A
  • catalyse the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
42
Q

Function of proteases in pancreatic juice. (2 marks)

A
  • catalyse the breakdown of some protein into peptides
  • catalyse the breakdown of peptides into amino acids
43
Q

Function of pancreatic amylase.

A
  • catalyse the breakdown of starch to maltose
44
Q

Substances in the intestine juice. (3 marks)

A
  • Water
  • Mucus
  • Sodium hydrogencarbonate
45
Q

Function of intestine juice.

A
  • provides an alkaline medium for the action of enzymes on the epithelium of the small intestine
46
Q

Which part in small intestine is reponsible for chemical digestion.

A
  • specialized cells/ digestive enzymes on the epithelium of small intestine
47
Q

Two enzymes on the epithelium of small intestine

A
  • carbonhydrases
  • proteases
48
Q

Function of carbonhydrases on the epithelium of small intestine.

A
  • catalyst the breakdown from disaccharides to monosaccharides
49
Q

Function of proteases on the epithelium of small intestine.

A
  • catalyst the breakdown of some peptides to amino acids
50
Q

Digestion of protein first take place at where.

51
Q

How are monosaccharides, amino acids and vitamin B are absorbed. (2 marks)

A
  • *directly absorbed into the blood in the capiilaries
  • by diffusion and active transport
52
Q

How are water being absorbed ? (2 marks)

A
  • directly absorbed into the blood in the capiilaries
  • by osmosis
53
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed ? (3 marks)

A
  • enter the epithelium of villi by diffusion
  • recombine to lipids
  • lipids *enter the lymph of the lacteals
54
Q

How are vitamin A and D are absorbed. (2 marks)

A
  • *directly absorbed into the lacteals
  • by diffusion
55
Q

Small intestine very long

A

allow sufficient time for complete digestion and absorption

56
Q

highly folded inner wall with numerous villi/ presence of villi

A

increase surface area for absorption

57
Q

one-cell-thick epithelium

A
  • reduce diffusion distance for absorption
58
Q

How lacteals/ network of capillaries of the villi facilitate food absorption in the ileum (2 marks)

A
  • transport absorbed food molecules away rapidly
  • a steep concentration gradient is maintained for diffusion
59
Q

How peristalsis facilitate food absorption in the ileum (2 marks)

A
  • bring digested food molecules into close contact with the villi
  • keeps a steep concentration gradient for diffusion
60
Q

Why constipation (4 marks)

A
  • lack of dietary fibre which simulate peristalsis
  • faeces remain in the large intestine for a longer time
  • *large portion of water is absorbed
  • faeces very hard
61
Q

Why diarrhoea ?

A
  • faeces pass the colon too quickly
  • smaller amount of water is absorbed
  • larger portion of water remained
62
Q

Disease of faeces pass the colon too quickly

A

di/ar/rho/ea

63
Q

Transport of water-soluble molecules

A

villus → hepatic portal vein → liver → hepatic vein → vena cava → heart → aorta

64
Q

Transport of lipid-soluble molecules

A

villus → *lymph vessel → heart → aorta

65
Q

What happen if excess amino acid ? (4 marks)

A
  • broken down in liver through deamination
  • amino group are *removed and converted to u/re/a
  • release to bloodstream and excreted in urine
  • remaining part converted to carbonhydrates or lipids
66
Q

Carrot vitamin A

A
  • ca/ro/tene is converted to vitamin A in liver
67
Q

Why bile pigment exist in bile ? (3 marks)

A
  • the liver breaks down old red blood cells and *stores the iron released from the process
  • used to make new red blood cells
  • the waste is released
68
Q

How is faece released ?

A
  • Contraction of muscles of the rectum
  • relaxation of anal sphincter

Biology (9 decks)

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