Chapter 19 Ecosystem Flashcards
According to the graph of predation, answer the following question
Deduce the relationship between preys and predators.
*___________ (name the relationship)
*________ larger than ________
*___________ delays_______
*______ is the food supply of ____
Predation.
1. Peak number of the prey is larger than that of predator
2. the changes of preadtors delay/ lag behind the preys
–> indicates that prey is the food supply of the predators.
Explain the graph of competition.
*Beginning: the number of both species _______
Reason: they consume the ________
Beginning: the number of both species increase as they consu,e the same type of food.
Explain the graph of competition.
*Result: the number of an species _____ while another species ________
*A species ______ another species and ________
*Another species ________
The number of an species increase while another species drops drastically
A species outcompetes another species and dominate the resources in the habitat
Another species starves to die due to insufficient food and energy supply and fail to meet their energy demand.
Describe and explain the change in the population of predators and preys.
Beginning:
1.
Deduce and explain the relationship between deer and bird.
*________________
*Birds can obtain _________ via the _______ movement of deer
*while the __________ are not affected
*Commensalism
*Birds can obtain food and energy from insects via the speedy movement of deer
*while the movement of dears are not affected
Deduce the relationship between whales and bernides.
Parasitism
State the change in symbiotic relationship between algae and coral reet bleaches after an oil leakage on the sea surface.
*From _______ to __________
Relationship between algae and coral reet bleaches changes from mutualism to competition.
Explain why the symbolic relationship between algae and coral reet bleaches change from mutualism to competition after an oil leakage on the sea surface.
Before:
*Algae: absorbing ______ for carrying out _____to provide ______ and _______
- Coral: provide algae with ______
Algae absorb CO2 from coral for carrying out photosynthesis to provide oxygen and glucose for coral reef. While coral reef provides with shelter as protection.
Explain why the symbolic relationship between algae and coral reet bleaches change from mutualism to competition after an oil leakage on the sea surface.
Change
* Oil leakage lead to reduced _______
*Algae tends to perform ________ rather than _____
*Coral reef will _______, resulting in its ______colour
Oil leakage leads to reduced light penetration. Algae tends to perform respiration rather than photosynthesis. Ultimately, to ensure the sufficient oxygen supply, coral reef will repel all algae, resulting in its white colour
Fill in the missing information according to the process of primary succession.
*Primary succession starts with a ______ surface with the absence of ______ and
*Primary succession starts with a barren rock surface with the absence of soil layer and vegetation
Fill in the missing information according to the process of primary succession.
*______ landed on the rock surface via wind
*____ decomposes _______ as soil and a soil layer was formed
Lichen landed on the rock surface via wind. Then fungi decomposes rock layer as soil and a soil layer was formed.
Fill in the missing information according to the process of primary succession.
*
According to the ecological pyramid, answer the following questions
How energy is lost in the ecosystem ?
- ________ to the surroundings via ______
- via energy trapped in the ____________ which cannot pass to the __________ in the upper tropical levels
- via ____________ in which energy is trapped in __________
*
- heat loss to the surroundings via respiration
- via energy trapped in the uneaten parts of organism which cannot pass to the consumers in the upper tropical levels
- via egestion and excretion in which energy is trapped in undigested waste
Arrange the importance of the following factors in contributing to the energy loss in the ecosystem in ascending order.
Uneaten food, respiration, egestion and excretion
Egestion and excretion < uneaten food < respiration
Explain why a eagle consume many spiders in order to survive
- eagle located at __________________ than spider
- As a ________, it has _____________ than the prey
- they must consume ________ prey’s to obtain enough energy to fulfil their energy requirements and compensate for ______________________
- eagle located at a higher tropical level than spider
- As a consumer, it has a larger biomass than the prey
- they must consume multiple prey’s to obtain enough energy to fulfil their energy requirements and compensate for the smaller sizes and biomass of the prey
Fill in the blanks according to the statement below
Producers are _________ which carry out________ and form its own food (tree/ plants/ a_____/ p_________ b_____)
Producers are autothphytes
which carry out photosynthesis and form its own food (tree/ plants/ algae/ photosynthetic bacteria)
When do secondary successions occur ?
After ______________ in order to ________ the biological community
After a major disturbance to the habitat such as wildfires/ any natural disaster in order to restore the biological community.
What is the ecological niche of primary consumers ?
Herbivores (organisms that only eat plants)
What is the ecological niche of secondary consumers ?
Carnivores (animals that only eat meat)
What is the ecological niche of top consumers ?
Omnivores (animals obtain both plants and meat)
Name two types of decomposers within the ecosystem
Fungi, putrefying bacteria
Explain the shape of the inverted shape of pyramid of numbers
- The producer, tree, is _________________
- An individual organism, as an _______ in the _______tropical level is capable of __________ of ________ consumers in the higher tropical level.
- The producer, tree, is large in biomass
- An individual organism, as an producer in the lower tropical level is capable of supporting and satsifying the energy requirements of multiple consumers in the upper tropical level.
Explain why the number of organisms keep decreasing when going up the pyramid.
- _______ is lost from each tropical level via _________
- A consumer need to _________ in the lower tropical level to satisfy and _______________
- energy is lost from each tropical level via heat loss to surronding by respiration.
- A consumer need to consume multiple species in the lower tropical level to satisfy and compensate for its energy requirements.
How to obtain the drymass of an organism.
* put the organism into ___ and heat it to ____
* repeat the above steps until a ______ is measured
- put the organism into an oven and heat it to 100 C
- repeat the above steps until a constant mass is measured
How do plants obtain carbon atoms from the atmosphere
- plants perform photosynthesis by absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
*There is a net uptake of carbon atoms from carbon dioxide for the formation of organic matter, which are carbon atoms in glucose molecules
- plants perform photosynthesis by absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
*There is a net uptake of carbon atoms from carbon dioxide for the formation of organic matter, which are carbon atoms in glucose molecules
How are carbon atoms released back to the atmosphere ?
*plants oxidizes glucose molecules via carrying out respiration
*Otganic carbon atoms are released to the atmosphere as inorganic catbon atoms (Co2)
Below is a description of the nitrogen cycle, fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
In nitrogen fixation,_______ is converted as __________ by nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the root ________ of __________.
The term “fixation” refers to the conversion from__________ in plants.
In nitrogen fixation, ntrogen gas in the air is converted as ammonium compound by nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
The term “fixation” refers to the conversion from gases to stored substances in plants.
Below is a description of the nitrogen cycle, fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
Nitrification takes place in __________ with ________ supply of oxygen
Denitrification takes place in ____________ with _________ supply of oxygen. For instance, after a heavy rainfall in which ________
Nitrification takes place in aerobic environment with sufficient supply of oxygen
Denitrification takes place in anaerobic environment with insufficient supply of oxygen. For instance, after a heavy rainfall in which the soil layer is waterlogged.
Describe the process of nitrate assimilation by plants.
Nitrates are taken up by plants via ___________
Plant cells combines ________and nitrates to form _________
___________are joined together to form a _________
polypeptide _________ then __________
while some polypeptide chain _______ together to form a _____molecule with______________.
Nitrates are taken up by plants via active transport and diffusion
Plant cells combines glucose and nitrates to form amino acid.
amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide
polypeptide chain then coil/ fold up
while some polypeptide chain bind together to form a 3D molecule with special confromation.
Below is a description of the nitrogen cycle, fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
State the advantage of using inorganic fertilizer over organic fertilizers.
*It can be easily dissolved in the soil layer and absorbed by the plants
*harvest can be boosted in a relatively short period of time.
Below is a description of the nitrogen cycle, fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
State the advanatge of using organic fertilizer over inorganic fertilizer.
*It takes a long time for organic fertilizer to be completely dissolved as decomposers need time for decomposing solid waste into ammonium compound.
*we can use excess amount of organic fertilizer without causing anaerobic reaction in plants.
Below is a description of the nitrogen cycle, fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
