Human Development- Infant and Child

Question 1

Summarise Erikson’s 8 stages of development

Answer 1

Proposed by Erik Erikson.
8 psychosocial stages, each representing a “crisis” whereby our personalities are shaped according to how we deal with said crises.

Question 2

What stages of development relate to infant and childhood development, according to Erikson?

Answer 2

Stages 1 to 4.

Question 3

Describe Erikson’s Stage 1

Answer 3

“Trust vs Mistrust”

• 0-1yrs
• Is my world predictable? Will my needs be met?
• Complete dependence of adults for basic needs.
• Needs met consistently= Trusting, optimistic
• Needs not met consistently= Mistrusting, Insecure

Question 4

Describe Erikson’s Stage 2?

Answer 4

“Autonomy and self-doubt”

• 2-3yrs
• Can I do things myself?
• Encouraging and positive caregivers/parents= Autonomy and sufficiency
• Dissatisfied parents/ Constant conflict= Shame and self-doubt.

Question 5

Describe Erikson’s Stage 3?

Answer 5

“Initiative vs Guilt”

• 3-6yrs
• Am I good or bad?
• Child makes effort to integrate into family= Sense of initiative and self-confidence
• Child focusses only on own needs and family conflict= Guilt and low self-esteem.

Question 6

Describe Erikson’s Stage 4?

Answer 6

“Industry vs Inferiority”

• 6-12yrs
• Functioning outside of family. e.g, School.
• Perform well in these settings and are valued= Sense of competence
• Have difficulty functioning in these settings= Sense of inferiority and incompetence.

Question 7

What is attachment?

Types of attachment?

Answer 7

A close emotional bond between an infant and a specific caregiver.

Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant.

Question 8

What is Temperament?

Types of temperament?

Answer 8

An individuals way of interacting with or to the environment.
Generally thought to be mostly genetic/innate.

1. Easy or Flexible
2. Difficult or fussy
3. Cautious or Slow to warm.

Question 9

What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 9

Cognitive development occurs in 4 stages via Assimilation and Accommodation.

Question 10

Describe Piaget’s Stage 1

Answer 10

Sensorimotor period

• 0-2yrs
• Emergence of symbolic thought
• Development of OBJECT PERMANENCE.

Question 11

Describe Piaget’s Stage 2

Answer 11

Preoperational period

• 2-7yrs
• Lack CONSERVATION.
  
  • Egocentrism
  • Centration
  • Irreversibility
  • Animism

Question 12

Describe Piaget’s Stage 3

Answer 12

Concrete operational period

• 7-11yrs
• Able to manipulate environment, coordinate several aspects of a problem, etc.
  
  • Decline in egocentrism
  • Decentration
  • Reversibility