Human Development- Adolescence

Question 1

Describe Erikson’s Stage 5 of human development?

Answer 1

Identity vs Confusion

• Adolescence
• Development of decision-making and reasoning capabilities.
• Influenced by outcome of previous conflicts
• Negative outcome: Cannot make deliberate decisions.

Question 2

Describe Piaget’s Stage 4 of cognitive development

Answer 2

Formal Operational Period

• Adolescence (~11/12+ yrs old) to adulthood
• Develops from concrete to abstract thinking
• Hypo-deductive capabilities (able to solve hypothetical issues and deduce their consequences)

Question 3

Describe an Adolescents understanding of illness

Answer 3

More developed.

1) Physiological aspect
- Good basic understanding of physiological processes, causes and consequences of an illness.
2) Psychophysiological aspect
- An understanding that illness can be caused or aggravated by physiological and psychological reasons.

Question 4

Describe parenting styles

Answer 4

Two key elements: Responsiveness and Demand

Authoritative (Responsive and Demanding)
Authoritarian (Unresponsive and Demanding)
Indulgent (Responsive and Undemanding)
Neglectful (Unresponsive and Undemanding)

Question 5

Effectiveness/ consequences of parenting styles?

Answer 5

1) Authoritative= Happy, capable, successful
2) Authoritarian= Lower self-esteem, higher lvls of depression, poorer social skills, moderately-well at school, few problem behaviours.
3) Indulgent= More problem behaviours, Higher self-esteem, poorer at school, lower levels of depression, better social skills, problems with authority.
4) Neglectful= Low self-esteem, poorer at school, self-control issues, poorer at school

Question 6

Describe the impact of chronic illness on adolescents?

Answer 6

1) Physical Effects
- Visible signs of the illness mark the adolescent out from their peers.
2) Emotional Effects
- Lower self-esteem and emotional well-being.
- Feel alienated
3) Social, Educational, Vocational Effects
- Hospitalisations can lead to isolation from peers.
- Prolonged hospitalisations can lead to poorer performance in academics
- Poorer academic results can lead to difficulties finding jobs.

Question 7

Some methods to improve adherence in adolescents?

Answer 7

1. Confidentiality
2. Non-judgemental. Open-ended q’s.
3. Indicate poor adherence is normal.
4. Negotiate short-term goals.
5. Educate about illness. Correct misunderstandings.
6. Tailor regimen.
7. Identify and discuss barriers.
8. Written instruction. Teach-back.
9. Avoid Jargon
10. Suggest reminders
11. Enlist parent or peer support
12. Review and monitor frequently. Give feedback.