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A&P II Exam 4 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

development involves

A

cell division and differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION IS THE CREATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS

changes in anatomical structures
INCLUDES GRADUAL MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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2
Q

development begins at

A

fertilization

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3
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of 2 haploid gametes (egg and sperm)

each has 23 chromosomes to produce a zygote with 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

fertilization occurs in

A

the uterine tubes (IN THE AMPULLA REGION)

AKA fallopian tubes

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5
Q

spermatozoa cant fertilize an ovum until

A

after capacitation

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6
Q

steps of fertilization

A

ovulation

fertlization

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7
Q

ovulation

A

the oocyte is in metaphase of meiosis II
IT DIDNT COMPLETE MEIOSIS II

oocyte and polar body is surrounded by corona radiate
IT COMPLETED MEIOSIS II

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8
Q

fertilization step

A

oocyte is surrounded by sperm

acrosomal enzyme from several sperms create gaps in corona radiata

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9
Q

what happens when one sperm makes contact with the oocyte membrane

A

sperm and oocyte fuse

process of meiosis will be complete

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10
Q

ovulation occurs before

A

the oocyte is completely mature

BEFORE MEIOSIS IS COMPLETED

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11
Q

what phase of meiosis II is an ovulated oocyte in

A

metaphase

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12
Q

when is meiosis complete

A

if an egg is fertilized

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13
Q

what happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur

A

the oocyte will disintegrate without completing meiosis

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14
Q

oocyte is surround by

A

corona radiate

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15
Q

spermatozoa releases

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

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16
Q

hyaluronidase and acrosin are required to

A

penetrate corona radiate

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17
Q

a single spermatozoan contacts oocyte.. this will cause fertilization to begin

A

oocyte activation

polyspermy prevented by cortical reaction

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18
Q

development can be divided into

A

prenatal

post natal

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19
Q

prenatal development begins at _____ and ends with _____

A

prenatal development begins at fertilization and ends with birth

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20
Q

prenatal development includes

A

embryological development
CHANGES OCCURING DURING FIRST 2 MONTHS AFTER FERTILIZATION

fetal development
BEGINS AT THE START OF 9 WEELS AND CONTINUES UNTIL BIRTH

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21
Q

postnatal development

A

starts at birth and continues

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22
Q

first trimester

A

period of embryological and early fetal development

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23
Q

what are the 4 processes that occur during the first trimester

A

cleavage

implantation

placentation

embryogenesis

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24
Q

preembryonic stage

A

first 16 days of development for an embryo

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25
Q

what are the 3 processes for an embryo

A

cleavage

implantation

embryogenesis

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26
Q

cleavage

A

1st cell division

occurs in first 3 days while conceptus migrates down uterine tube

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27
Q

zygote

A

becomes a preembryo and then a blastocyst

28
Q

blastocyst includes

A

trophoblast

inner cell mass

29
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of squamous cells

destined to form placenta

30
Q

inner cell mass

A

cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst

31
Q

first cleavage occurs within ___ after fertilization

A

30 hours

zygote splits into 2 daughter cells (blastomeres)

32
Q

when conceptus arrives in the uterus

A

happens 72 hours after ovulation

morula stage

still no larger than the zygote

cleavage produces smaller and smaller blastomeres

33
Q

morula stage

A

solid ball of 16 cells that resembles a mullberry

34
Q

how long does the morula lies free in uterine cavity

A

4-5 days

divides into 100 cells

zona pellucida disintergrates and releases blastocyst

35
Q

blastocyst

A

hallow sphere

36
Q

embryoblast

A

inner cell mass

destined to become embryo

37
Q

blastocoel

A

internal cavity

38
Q

implantation

A

attachment of blastocyst into uterine endometrium

7 days after fertilization

39
Q

placentation

A

blood vessels form around blastocyst and placenta develops

40
Q

embryogenesis

A

formation of a viable embryo

establishes foundations for all major organ systems

41
Q

gastrulation

A

embryonic disc composed of germ layers

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

42
Q

in gastrulation what happened by day 12

A

surface cells move toward primitive streak

medoderm forms

43
Q

ectoderm

A

superficial cells that did not migrate

44
Q

endoderm

A

cells facing the blastocoele

45
Q

mesoderm

A

migrating cells between ectoderm and endoderm

46
Q

what are the 4 extraembryonic membranes

A

yolk sac

amnion

allantois

chorion

47
Q

yolk sac

A

important site of blood cell formation

48
Q

amnion

A

encloses fluid that surrounds and cushions developing embryo

49
Q

allantois

A

becomes bladder

50
Q

chorion

A

turns into placenta

51
Q

chorionic villi

A

extends into maternal tissue

forms intricate branching network for maternal blood

52
Q

what are the hormones that trophoblast secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy

A

HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin

Estrogens

Progesterone

hPL: human placenta lactin: development of breasts

Placental prolactin

Relaxin

53
Q

second trimester

A

months 4-6

organ systems increase in complexity

54
Q

third trimester

A

months 7-9

many organs become fully functional

fetus undergoes largest weight change

at the end of gestation, fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of position

55
Q

maternal adaptations include

A

increased

respiratory rate

blood volume

nutrient and vitamin uptake

glomerular filtration rate

56
Q

progesterone inhibits

A

uterine muscle contraction

57
Q

goal of labor is

A

parturition

58
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation

expulsion

placental

59
Q

dilation

A

the cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal

ENDS WHEN BABY IS CROWNING

60
Q

expulsion

A

cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges

ENDS WHEN UMBILICAL CORD IS OUT

61
Q

placental

A

ejection of placenta

62
Q

neonatal period

A

from birth to 1 months
respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and urinary systems adjust

infant must thermoregulate

maternal mammary glands sescrete colostrum first few days

Milk production after

both secretions are relwased via the milk let down reflex

63
Q

body proportions change during

A

infancy and childhood

64
Q

adolsecense

A

begins at puberty

period of sexual maturation

ends when growth is completed

65
Q

puberty is marked by

A

increased production of GnRH

rapid increase in circulating FSH and LH

ovaries and testes become sensitive to FSH and LH

gamete production initiated

sex hormones produced

grwoth rate increases

66
Q

senescense

A

aging affects functional capabilities of all systems

A&P II Exam 4 (5 decks)

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