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A&P II Exam 4 > Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fluid includes

A

Interstitial fluid

Plasma

Lymph

CSF

Other body fluids

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid includes

A

The fluid inside cytosol

Makes up about 2/3 of the total body water

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3
Q

What is fluid balance

A

Fluid is in a balance when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount of fluid lost each day

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4
Q

Electrolyte balance

A

The ion gained each day equals the ion loss

Electrolytes are ions

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5
Q

Acid base balance

A

H+ gain is offset by their loss

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6
Q

When acid base balance exists, what happens to the pH of body fluid

A

It remains normal (7.35-7.45)

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7
Q

Homeostatic mechanism response to changes in

A

ECF

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8
Q

How many receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance

A

None

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9
Q

How can fluid and electrolytes be monitored

A

By responding to changes in

plasma volume

Or

Osmotic concentrations

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10
Q

All water moves passively in response to

A

Osmotic gradients

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11
Q

Body content of water or electrolytes ______ if intake exceeds outflow

A

Rises

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12
Q

What are the major cations inside the cell

A

Potassium

Magnesium

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13
Q

Major cations outside the cell include

A

Sodium

Calcium

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14
Q

There is a much higher concentration of potassium in the ____than the ______

A

ICF

ECF

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15
Q

There is a much higher concentration of sodium in the _____ than in the _____

A

ECF

ICF

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16
Q

Major anions inside the cell include

A

Chloride

Proteins

Phosphates (HPO4)

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

SO4

17
Q

There is a much higher concentration of proteins and phosphate in the _____ than in the _____

A

ICF

ECF

18
Q

There is a much higher concentration of chloride in the _____ than in the _____

A

ECF

ICF

19
Q

Fluid moves freely within

A

ECF

20
Q

Water, electrolytes, proteins, fats and other nutrients and molecules are normally balanced by gains via

A

Eating

Drinking

Metabolic generation

21
Q

Losses of water and other molecules are by

A

Unite

Respiratory losses

Perspiration

Fecal loss

22
Q

What happens if plasma levels fall below 7.35

A

Acidosis

23
Q

What happens if plasma levels rise about 7.45

A

Alkalosis

24
Q

What is the most important facto affecting pH of ECF

A

Carbonic acid

25
Q

CO2 reacts with water to form _______

A

Carbonic acid

26
Q

What kind of relationship is there between pH and CO2 concentration

A

Inverse relationship

27
Q

Buffer system consists of a

A

Weak acid

And

It’s anion

28
Q

What are the 3 Major buffering systems

A

Protein buffer system

Hemoglobin buffer system

Carbonic acid bicarbonate

29
Q

Protein buffer system

A

Amino acid

30
Q

Hemoglobin buffer system

A

H+ are buffered by hemoglobin

31
Q

Carbonic acid bicarbonate

A

Buffers changes caused by organic and fixed acids

32
Q

What are the limitations of carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

A

Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2
levels

Only functions when respiratory system and control centers are working
normally

It is limited by availability of bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve)

33
Q

Lungs help regulate pH through

A

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

Changing respiratory rates changes PCO2

Respiratory compensation

34
Q

Kidneys help regulate pH through

A

Renal compensation

35
Q

What are the 2 categories acid base imbalances fall into

A

Respiratory

Metabolic

36
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the
body’s rate of CO2 production

Carbon dioxide accumulates in the ECF and lowers its pH

Occurs in emphysema where there is a severe reduction of functional
alveoli

37
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Results from hyperventilation

CO2 eliminated faster than it is produced

38
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Increased production of organic acids such as lactic acid in
anaerobic fermentation, and ketone bodies seen in
alcoholism, and diabetes mellitus

Ingestion of acidic drugs (aspirin)

Loss of base due to chronic diarrhea, laxative overuse

39
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Rare, but can result from:
• Overuse of bicarbonates (antacids and IV bicarbonate
solutions)

• Loss of stomach acid (chronic vomiting)

A&P II Exam 4 (5 decks)

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