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AQA GCSE Health & Social > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the life stages?

A
  • infancy: birth to 3 years
  • childhood: 4-10 years
  • adolescence: 11-18 years
  • adulthood: 19-65 years
  • later adulthood: 65+
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2
Q

What is physical development divided into?

A

Growth and motor development

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3
Q

What is motor development divided into?

A

Fine motor skills and gross motor skills

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4
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in a person’s size

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5
Q

What is motor development?

A

Becoming able to make movements

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6
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Precise movements that involves the use of hands, fingers and thumbs

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7
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

The ability to move yourself around such as crawling or walking

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8
Q

What is development measured in?

A

Milestones

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9
Q

What are milestones?

A

Average times at which a person will reach or acquire a specific skill

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10
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 1 month?

A
  • large jerky movements of limbs
  • falls forwards when sat in sitting position
  • makes reflex step movements when standing
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11
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 3 months?

A
  • smoother limb movements of limbs
  • if placed downwards, lifts head using forearms as support
  • when held in standing position, sags at knees
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12
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 6 months?

A
  • lifts leg and grasps foot
  • sits with support
  • holds up arms and can roll over
  • head firmly erect if sitting
  • when standing can bear weight on feet
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13
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 9 months?

A
  • sits alone and can turn body
  • attempts to crawl
  • pulls self to standing and if held there can step purposely on alternate feet
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14
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 12 months?

A
  • can rise to sitting position from lying down
  • walks with both hands held
  • may walk alone
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15
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 15 months?

A
  • walks unevenly - bump into furniture
  • crawls upstarts and kneels
  • stoops to pick up objects from the floor
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16
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 18 months?

A
  • can walk well and run, stopping with control
  • pushes and pulls toys on floor
  • walks upstairs with help
  • crawls backwards downstairs
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17
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 2 years?

A
  • runs safely and walks backwards
  • climbs on/off furniture
  • walks up/downstairs holding rail
  • throws small ball
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18
Q

What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 3 years?

A
  • walk upstairs alone - usually jumps down bottom step
  • turn around corners and objects
  • expert tricycle rider
  • can walk on tiptoes
  • sits with legs crossed at ankles
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19
Q

What gross motor movements can an child execute at 4 years?

A
  • climb obstacles
  • run on tiptoes
  • hop on one foot
  • ride tricycle
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20
Q

What gross motor movements can a child execute at 5 years?

A
  • skip and dance to music
  • can climb, slide, swing and dig
  • stand on one leg
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21
Q

What fine motor movements can a newborn infant execute?

A

• mostly keep hands closed, only opening them to grip at anything they touch - palmar grasp

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22
Q

What fine motor movements can an infant execute at about 4 months?

A
  • playing with own fingers and toes

* grasping in earliest months

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23
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 6 months?

A

• handling and holding objects

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24
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 6-9 months?

A
  • attempting to transfer toys from hand to hand
  • pulling toys toward themselves
  • clapping and waving
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25
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 10 months?

A

• pick up small objects between finger and thumb - pincer grasp

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26
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 9-12 months?

A
  • pick up larger objects

* points at points of interest

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27
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 18 months?

A
  • attempts to feed self
  • turns pages of books
  • hold crayon in primitive grasp
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28
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 3 years?

A
  • throw ball

* use scissors

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29
Q

What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 4 years?

A
  • hold pencil with tripod grasp

* thread large and smaller beads

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30
Q

How does an infants’ grasp develop?

A
  1. PALMAR GRASP - grasp with whole hand (from birth)
  2. PINCER GRASP - using index finger and thumb (9-12 months)
  3. PRIMITIVE GRASP - held awkwardly e.g. using crayons
  4. TRIPOD GRASP - develop control of hand, finger and thumb to hold pencil as adults do
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31
Q

What is intellectual development?

A

Developing thinking abilities

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32
Q

What does intellectual development include?

A
  • remembering things
  • speaking and understanding language
  • problem solving and decision making
  • learning concepts
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33
Q

What are some examples of concepts?

A
  • size
  • colour
  • numbers
  • time
  • shape
  • right or wrong
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34
Q

What is emotional development?

A

The development of positive and negative feelings about people and situations

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35
Q

What does emotional development include?

A
  • self concept - the ideas a person has about themselves

* self esteem - the persons beliefs about their own value

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36
Q

What is social development?

A

The development of skills and routines that enable people to get along with each other

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37
Q

Examples of social development?

A
  • making friends
  • taking turns
  • sharing
  • politeness and manners
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38
Q

How long are babies at birth?

A

50cm

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39
Q

How long are babies after one year?

A

75cm

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40
Q

How is growth measured?

A

On per centile charts which can an average range of growth

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41
Q

What does weight increase from at birth to one year?

A

From 3kg to 8kg

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42
Q

When do milk teeth appear in babies?

A

6 months

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43
Q

Growth in infants?

A
  • grow very fast
  • 50cm at birth - 75cm at one year
  • 3kg at birth - 8kg at one year
  • milk teeth at 6 months
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44
Q

Intellectual development in infants?

A
  • learn through play and imitation, trial and error
  • language skills development e.g. asking questions, understanding what others say
  • thinking skills - includes concept
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45
Q

Emotional development in infants?

A
  • show +ve/-ve emotions from birth
  • from 2 - have tantrums
  • self concept begins
  • 7 months to a year - attachment
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46
Q

From when do infants show emotion?

A

From birth e.g. crying, smiling

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47
Q

When do infants start having tantrums?

A

Around 2

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48
Q

What are tantrums?

A

When infants express their emotions but cannot control them

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49
Q

What is the best way to control a tantrum?

A

Using distraction

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50
Q

When does self concept begin?

A

During infancy

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51
Q

When can infants begin to recognise pictures of themselves?

A

At 18 months

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52
Q

What is attachment?

A

When infants bond with their primary carer

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53
Q

When does attachment develop in infants?

A

Around 7 months to a year

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54
Q

What is a likely outcome for a child who has formed a good attachment?

A

More likely to move away and explore the world without their primary carer

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55
Q

Social development in infants?

A
  • develops in first few weeks
  • prefer to look at faces as oppose to objects
  • attachment - security of knowing someone is near allows child to play alone
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56
Q

What are the two forms of communication?

A
  • spoken (verbal)

* unspoken (non-verbal)

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57
Q

What is a child’s passive vocabulary?

A

Understanding what is being said to them, as long as they are able to use the words themselves

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58
Q

When does the pre-linguistic stage occur?

A

In the first year of life

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59
Q

Initially, what is a baby’s automatic response to waking?

A

Crying - to alert parents to care for them

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60
Q

When do babies start to ‘coo’ and ‘gargle’?

A

From around six weeks

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61
Q

What is turn-taking in terms of language and communication?

A

When babies ‘coo’ and ‘gargle’, in ‘conversation’ with an adult

62
Q

What does a baby’s cooing eventually evolve into?

A

Babbling and then repetitive monosyllabic sounds e.g. dadadada becomes dada

63
Q

What are polysyllabic sounds?

A

When a baby changes both tone and pitch

64
Q

What do a baby’s monosyllabic sounds evolve into?

A

Polysyllabic sounds - where the baby changes tone and pitch

65
Q

What is jargon?

A

When a child develops a range of words that others do not easily recognise

66
Q

What is a holophrase?

A

When a child uses one word to refer to more than one thing

67
Q

What is echolalia?

A

When a child repeats the last sound or word they hear

68
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

When children form short sentences but lack the words that join them together

69
Q

What are the milestones of the linguistic stage?

A
  • monosyllabic -> polysyllabic sounds
  • jargon
  • holophrases
  • echolalia
  • telegraphic speech
  • use questions
  • learn to use grammar
70
Q

What do children need in order to develop a good vocabulary and use grammar correctly?

A

They need to hear and see language all around them

71
Q

What is motherese?

A

When adults adjust their tone and pitch of voice when addressing young children

72
Q

At 3 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They are soothed by sound

73
Q

At 6 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They respond to a voice

74
Q

At 1 year, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

they know their own name and a few others

75
Q

At 18 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They understand simple commands

76
Q

At 2 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They understand much more than they can say

77
Q

At 2 and a half years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They enjoy simple and familiar stories

78
Q

At 3 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They can carry out complex commands

79
Q

At 4 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They can listen to long stories

80
Q

At 5 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?

A

They develop the ability to reason

81
Q

At 3 months, how many words does an infant know?

A

0

82
Q

At 6 months, how many words does an infant know?

A

0

83
Q

At 1 year, how many words does an infant know?

A

1

84
Q

At 18 months, how many words does an infant know?

A

6-20

85
Q

At 2 years, how many words does an infant know?

A

50+

86
Q

At 2 and a half years, how many words does an infant know?

A

200+

87
Q

At 3 years, how many words does an infant know?

A

500-1000

88
Q

At 4 years, how many words does an infant know?

A

1000-5000

89
Q

At 5 years, how many words does an infant know?

A

1500-2000

90
Q

At 3 months, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Cooing and gurgling

91
Q

At 6 months, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Babble

92
Q

At 1 year, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Nouns

93
Q

At 18 months, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Nouns

94
Q

At 2 years, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Verbs and pronouns

95
Q

At 2 and half years, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Pronouns and questions

96
Q

At 3 years, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Questions, rurals and verbs in the present tense

97
Q

At 4 years, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Questions and verbs in the past tense

98
Q

At 5 years, what type of words does an infant know?

A

Complex sentences wth adult forms of grammar

99
Q

At 3 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

0 words

100
Q

At 6 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

0 words

101
Q

At 1 year, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

1 word

102
Q

At 18 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

1 word

103
Q

At 2 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

1-2 word phrases

104
Q

At 2 and a half years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

2-3 word phrases

105
Q

At 3 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

3-4 phrases

106
Q

At 4 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?

A

4-5 word sentences

107
Q

In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between birth to a year?

A
  • exploring orally
  • recognition of primary carer
  • recognition that a feed is approaching
  • very early reasoning
  • understanding simple commands e.g. wave goodbye
108
Q

In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 1 and 2 years?

A
  • curious and investigate everything they see
  • activities where they fit things together are popular
  • more complex reasoning
109
Q

In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 2 and 3 years?

A
  • brief imitation e.g. feeding a doll
  • play is solitary
  • simple instructions followed
  • can start to match shapes and primary colours
110
Q

In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 3 and 5 years?

A
  • detailed role play

* understanding of routine

111
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens in the first few weeks?

A
  • recognise sight, sound, smell and touch of carer

* respond with smile and gurgles

112
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 3 months?

A
  • ‘conversations’ - by making noises

* wave arms and legs and coo

113
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 6 months?

A
  • learn to attract attention of adults
  • shy with strangers
  • use fingers to feed self
114
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 12 months?

A
  • help carer with routine e.g. holding legs up for nappy
  • understand simple commands
  • can drink from cup and use spoon
115
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 2 years?

A
  • better at feeding selves
  • toilet training
  • play near others
116
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 3 years?

A
  • use toilet

* share and take turns

117
Q

In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens between 4 and 5 years?

A
  • like to be with other children - choose friends
  • share well and understand rules
  • less demanding, more patient
  • use cutlery
118
Q

Growth in childhood?

A
  • child grows and puts on weight at a slow and steady rate
  • bladder control fully gained
  • milk teeth get replaced with permanent
119
Q

Gross motor development in childhood?

A
  • better coordination and mobility

* strength and stamina increase

120
Q

Fine motor development in childhood?

A
  • control over small movements increases
  • can draw recognisable objects
  • can catch ball and use handheld objects
121
Q

Intellectual development in childhood?

A
  • curiosity develops
  • vocabulary increases
  • learn to read and write
  • develop problem solving skills
  • can remember earlier memories
122
Q

Emotional development in childhood?

A
  • express and hide emotions
  • develop autonomy and independence
  • develop empathy and sensitivity
  • develop self concept
123
Q

Social development in childhood?

A
  • further ability to share and corporate
  • attachment dwindles and friendship develops
  • have special friends but friendships don’t last for long
124
Q

What are the two aspects of growth during adolescence?

A
  • growth spurts

* puberty

125
Q

What is an adolescent growth spurt?

A

A time of very fast growth especially in height

126
Q

When does the adolescent growth spurt tend to start and peak in girls and boys?

A
  • girls - starts at 10, peaks at 12

* boys - 2/3 years later

127
Q

What is the difference between a girl’s and a boy’s adolescent growth spurt?

A
  • girls - hips become broader

* boys - greater muscle development and broader shoulders

128
Q

What are the effects of puberty in girls?

A
  • increase in size of vagina
  • menstruation
  • ovulation
129
Q

What are the effects of puberty in boys?

A
  • increase in size of testes and penis
  • erection
  • sperm production
130
Q

What are the secondary characteristics of puberty in girls?

A
  • breasts develop

* public hair

131
Q

What are the secondary characteristics of puberty in boys?

A
  • facial hair
  • voice breaking
  • pubic hair
132
Q

Physical development in adolescents?

A
  • growth - growth spurt and puberty
  • motor skills - increase strength, stamina, coordination especially if they practice e.g. in sport or dance, and technical fine motor skills develop
133
Q

Intellectual development in adolescents?

A
  • problem solving skills develop e.g. algebra
  • concentration ability increases
  • language skills improve
  • strategies for memorising information - some learn more ways to learn and others lose curiosity
134
Q

Emotional development in adolescents?

A
  • body image becomes a part of self concept - due to puberty
  • self consciousness develops - can be embarrassed and shy
  • overreact to situations - mood swings
  • attachment to parents reduced and independence increased
  • strongly influenced by peers
  • sexual feelings
135
Q

Social development in adolescents?

A
  • social awkwardness despite development in social skills - misjudge situations
  • friendships become deeper and longer lasting
  • circle of friends increases
  • sexual attraction - romantic relationships are brief
136
Q

Physical development in adulthood?

A
  • growth - can gain weight, eyesight gets poorer, hair starts to turn grey
  • menopause
  • motor - early on: increase strength and coordination, after 30 this declines
137
Q

When does the menopause occur?

A

Between 45-55

138
Q

What are the side effects of the menopause?

A
  • hot flushes
  • night sweats
  • mood swings and headaches
139
Q

What does the menopause mean for women?

A
  • stop ovulation and menstruation

* become infertile

140
Q

What the woman’s body produce less of during the menopause?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

141
Q

What happens to the man’s reproductive system during late adulthood?

A
  • become less fertile - produce fewer sperm
  • no sudden end to fertility
  • some men lose sexual motivation or sexual interest in their partners - more likely if they’re overweight or drink too much
142
Q

Emotional development in adulthood?

A
  • self concept continues to develop - includes family, work and achievements
  • less self conscious - especially in long term relationships
  • more emotionally stable
143
Q

Social development in adulthood?

A
  • long term partnerships based on sexual relationships
  • have children, bond with infant
  • increased social skills e.g. leadership
144
Q

Intellectual development in adulthood?

A
  • reduced curiosity
  • increase in knowledge - uni
  • practical experience
145
Q

Growth in later adulthood?

A
  • get shorter as spine discs thin
  • more brittle bones and weight reduces - loss of muscle
  • blood pressure increases and immune system function reduces
  • skin and hair thins
  • loss of teeth, hearing and eye sight
  • urinate more often
146
Q

Motor development in later adulthood?

A
  • loss of motor skills
  • reduced strength, stamina and mobility
  • slower reactions
147
Q

Intellectual development in later adulthood?

A
  • loss of thinking, problem solving, language skills and memory
  • action slips e.g. pouring milk in the kettle
  • loss of short and long term memory
  • crosswords and puzzles can delay intellectual decline
148
Q

Emotional development in later adulthood?

A
  • retirement can remove value and purpose
  • reduced self esteem
  • reduced confidence - lack of ability
  • death of partner - upsetting, isolated
149
Q

Social development in later adulthood?

A
  • social circle reduces
  • reduced mobility - leave home less - social isolation
  • loss of social skills
  • day centres can reduce isolation
150
Q

What are the language skills that are gained in infancy?

A
  • able able to name objects
  • speaking short sentences
  • asking questions
  • understanding what other people say
  • following simple commands
151
Q

What thinking skills are gained in infancy?

A
  • colour concepts
  • number concepts
  • shape concepts

AQA GCSE Health & Social (5 decks)

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