Human Development Flashcards
What are the life stages?
- infancy: birth to 3 years
- childhood: 4-10 years
- adolescence: 11-18 years
- adulthood: 19-65 years
- later adulthood: 65+
What is physical development divided into?
Growth and motor development
What is motor development divided into?
Fine motor skills and gross motor skills
What is growth?
An increase in a person’s size
What is motor development?
Becoming able to make movements
What are fine motor skills?
Precise movements that involves the use of hands, fingers and thumbs
What are gross motor skills?
The ability to move yourself around such as crawling or walking
What is development measured in?
Milestones
What are milestones?
Average times at which a person will reach or acquire a specific skill
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 1 month?
- large jerky movements of limbs
- falls forwards when sat in sitting position
- makes reflex step movements when standing
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 3 months?
- smoother limb movements of limbs
- if placed downwards, lifts head using forearms as support
- when held in standing position, sags at knees
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 6 months?
- lifts leg and grasps foot
- sits with support
- holds up arms and can roll over
- head firmly erect if sitting
- when standing can bear weight on feet
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 9 months?
- sits alone and can turn body
- attempts to crawl
- pulls self to standing and if held there can step purposely on alternate feet
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 12 months?
- can rise to sitting position from lying down
- walks with both hands held
- may walk alone
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 15 months?
- walks unevenly - bump into furniture
- crawls upstarts and kneels
- stoops to pick up objects from the floor
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 18 months?
- can walk well and run, stopping with control
- pushes and pulls toys on floor
- walks upstairs with help
- crawls backwards downstairs
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 2 years?
- runs safely and walks backwards
- climbs on/off furniture
- walks up/downstairs holding rail
- throws small ball
What gross motor movements can an infant execute at 3 years?
- walk upstairs alone - usually jumps down bottom step
- turn around corners and objects
- expert tricycle rider
- can walk on tiptoes
- sits with legs crossed at ankles
What gross motor movements can an child execute at 4 years?
- climb obstacles
- run on tiptoes
- hop on one foot
- ride tricycle
What gross motor movements can a child execute at 5 years?
- skip and dance to music
- can climb, slide, swing and dig
- stand on one leg
What fine motor movements can a newborn infant execute?
• mostly keep hands closed, only opening them to grip at anything they touch - palmar grasp
What fine motor movements can an infant execute at about 4 months?
- playing with own fingers and toes
* grasping in earliest months
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 6 months?
• handling and holding objects
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 6-9 months?
- attempting to transfer toys from hand to hand
- pulling toys toward themselves
- clapping and waving
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 10 months?
• pick up small objects between finger and thumb - pincer grasp
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 9-12 months?
- pick up larger objects
* points at points of interest
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 18 months?
- attempts to feed self
- turns pages of books
- hold crayon in primitive grasp
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 3 years?
- throw ball
* use scissors
What fine motor movements can an newborn infant execute at 4 years?
- hold pencil with tripod grasp
* thread large and smaller beads
How does an infants’ grasp develop?
- PALMAR GRASP - grasp with whole hand (from birth)
- PINCER GRASP - using index finger and thumb (9-12 months)
- PRIMITIVE GRASP - held awkwardly e.g. using crayons
- TRIPOD GRASP - develop control of hand, finger and thumb to hold pencil as adults do
What is intellectual development?
Developing thinking abilities
What does intellectual development include?
- remembering things
- speaking and understanding language
- problem solving and decision making
- learning concepts
What are some examples of concepts?
- size
- colour
- numbers
- time
- shape
- right or wrong
What is emotional development?
The development of positive and negative feelings about people and situations
What does emotional development include?
- self concept - the ideas a person has about themselves
* self esteem - the persons beliefs about their own value
What is social development?
The development of skills and routines that enable people to get along with each other
Examples of social development?
- making friends
- taking turns
- sharing
- politeness and manners
How long are babies at birth?
50cm
How long are babies after one year?
75cm
How is growth measured?
On per centile charts which can an average range of growth
What does weight increase from at birth to one year?
From 3kg to 8kg
When do milk teeth appear in babies?
6 months
Growth in infants?
- grow very fast
- 50cm at birth - 75cm at one year
- 3kg at birth - 8kg at one year
- milk teeth at 6 months
Intellectual development in infants?
- learn through play and imitation, trial and error
- language skills development e.g. asking questions, understanding what others say
- thinking skills - includes concept
Emotional development in infants?
- show +ve/-ve emotions from birth
- from 2 - have tantrums
- self concept begins
- 7 months to a year - attachment
From when do infants show emotion?
From birth e.g. crying, smiling
When do infants start having tantrums?
Around 2
What are tantrums?
When infants express their emotions but cannot control them
What is the best way to control a tantrum?
Using distraction
When does self concept begin?
During infancy
When can infants begin to recognise pictures of themselves?
At 18 months
What is attachment?
When infants bond with their primary carer
When does attachment develop in infants?
Around 7 months to a year
What is a likely outcome for a child who has formed a good attachment?
More likely to move away and explore the world without their primary carer
Social development in infants?
- develops in first few weeks
- prefer to look at faces as oppose to objects
- attachment - security of knowing someone is near allows child to play alone
What are the two forms of communication?
- spoken (verbal)
* unspoken (non-verbal)
What is a child’s passive vocabulary?
Understanding what is being said to them, as long as they are able to use the words themselves
When does the pre-linguistic stage occur?
In the first year of life
Initially, what is a baby’s automatic response to waking?
Crying - to alert parents to care for them
When do babies start to ‘coo’ and ‘gargle’?
From around six weeks
What is turn-taking in terms of language and communication?
When babies ‘coo’ and ‘gargle’, in ‘conversation’ with an adult
What does a baby’s cooing eventually evolve into?
Babbling and then repetitive monosyllabic sounds e.g. dadadada becomes dada
What are polysyllabic sounds?
When a baby changes both tone and pitch
What do a baby’s monosyllabic sounds evolve into?
Polysyllabic sounds - where the baby changes tone and pitch
What is jargon?
When a child develops a range of words that others do not easily recognise
What is a holophrase?
When a child uses one word to refer to more than one thing
What is echolalia?
When a child repeats the last sound or word they hear
What is telegraphic speech?
When children form short sentences but lack the words that join them together
What are the milestones of the linguistic stage?
- monosyllabic -> polysyllabic sounds
- jargon
- holophrases
- echolalia
- telegraphic speech
- use questions
- learn to use grammar
What do children need in order to develop a good vocabulary and use grammar correctly?
They need to hear and see language all around them
What is motherese?
When adults adjust their tone and pitch of voice when addressing young children
At 3 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They are soothed by sound
At 6 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They respond to a voice
At 1 year, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
they know their own name and a few others
At 18 months, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They understand simple commands
At 2 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They understand much more than they can say
At 2 and a half years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They enjoy simple and familiar stories
At 3 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They can carry out complex commands
At 4 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They can listen to long stories
At 5 years, what is an infant’s understanding of language?
They develop the ability to reason
At 3 months, how many words does an infant know?
0
At 6 months, how many words does an infant know?
0
At 1 year, how many words does an infant know?
1
At 18 months, how many words does an infant know?
6-20
At 2 years, how many words does an infant know?
50+
At 2 and a half years, how many words does an infant know?
200+
At 3 years, how many words does an infant know?
500-1000
At 4 years, how many words does an infant know?
1000-5000
At 5 years, how many words does an infant know?
1500-2000
At 3 months, what type of words does an infant know?
Cooing and gurgling
At 6 months, what type of words does an infant know?
Babble
At 1 year, what type of words does an infant know?
Nouns
At 18 months, what type of words does an infant know?
Nouns
At 2 years, what type of words does an infant know?
Verbs and pronouns
At 2 and half years, what type of words does an infant know?
Pronouns and questions
At 3 years, what type of words does an infant know?
Questions, rurals and verbs in the present tense
At 4 years, what type of words does an infant know?
Questions and verbs in the past tense
At 5 years, what type of words does an infant know?
Complex sentences wth adult forms of grammar
At 3 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
0 words
At 6 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
0 words
At 1 year, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
1 word
At 18 months, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
1 word
At 2 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
1-2 word phrases
At 2 and a half years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
2-3 word phrases
At 3 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
3-4 phrases
At 4 years, what is an infant’s average sentence length?
4-5 word sentences
In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between birth to a year?
- exploring orally
- recognition of primary carer
- recognition that a feed is approaching
- very early reasoning
- understanding simple commands e.g. wave goodbye
In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 1 and 2 years?
- curious and investigate everything they see
- activities where they fit things together are popular
- more complex reasoning
In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 2 and 3 years?
- brief imitation e.g. feeding a doll
- play is solitary
- simple instructions followed
- can start to match shapes and primary colours
In terms of an infant’s cognitive development, what happens between 3 and 5 years?
- detailed role play
* understanding of routine
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens in the first few weeks?
- recognise sight, sound, smell and touch of carer
* respond with smile and gurgles
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 3 months?
- ‘conversations’ - by making noises
* wave arms and legs and coo
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 6 months?
- learn to attract attention of adults
- shy with strangers
- use fingers to feed self
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 12 months?
- help carer with routine e.g. holding legs up for nappy
- understand simple commands
- can drink from cup and use spoon
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 2 years?
- better at feeding selves
- toilet training
- play near others
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens at 3 years?
- use toilet
* share and take turns
In terms of an infant’s social development, what happens between 4 and 5 years?
- like to be with other children - choose friends
- share well and understand rules
- less demanding, more patient
- use cutlery
Growth in childhood?
- child grows and puts on weight at a slow and steady rate
- bladder control fully gained
- milk teeth get replaced with permanent
Gross motor development in childhood?
- better coordination and mobility
* strength and stamina increase
Fine motor development in childhood?
- control over small movements increases
- can draw recognisable objects
- can catch ball and use handheld objects
Intellectual development in childhood?
- curiosity develops
- vocabulary increases
- learn to read and write
- develop problem solving skills
- can remember earlier memories
Emotional development in childhood?
- express and hide emotions
- develop autonomy and independence
- develop empathy and sensitivity
- develop self concept
Social development in childhood?
- further ability to share and corporate
- attachment dwindles and friendship develops
- have special friends but friendships don’t last for long
What are the two aspects of growth during adolescence?
- growth spurts
* puberty
What is an adolescent growth spurt?
A time of very fast growth especially in height
When does the adolescent growth spurt tend to start and peak in girls and boys?
- girls - starts at 10, peaks at 12
* boys - 2/3 years later
What is the difference between a girl’s and a boy’s adolescent growth spurt?
- girls - hips become broader
* boys - greater muscle development and broader shoulders
What are the effects of puberty in girls?
- increase in size of vagina
- menstruation
- ovulation
What are the effects of puberty in boys?
- increase in size of testes and penis
- erection
- sperm production
What are the secondary characteristics of puberty in girls?
- breasts develop
* public hair
What are the secondary characteristics of puberty in boys?
- facial hair
- voice breaking
- pubic hair
Physical development in adolescents?
- growth - growth spurt and puberty
- motor skills - increase strength, stamina, coordination especially if they practice e.g. in sport or dance, and technical fine motor skills develop
Intellectual development in adolescents?
- problem solving skills develop e.g. algebra
- concentration ability increases
- language skills improve
- strategies for memorising information - some learn more ways to learn and others lose curiosity
Emotional development in adolescents?
- body image becomes a part of self concept - due to puberty
- self consciousness develops - can be embarrassed and shy
- overreact to situations - mood swings
- attachment to parents reduced and independence increased
- strongly influenced by peers
- sexual feelings
Social development in adolescents?
- social awkwardness despite development in social skills - misjudge situations
- friendships become deeper and longer lasting
- circle of friends increases
- sexual attraction - romantic relationships are brief
Physical development in adulthood?
- growth - can gain weight, eyesight gets poorer, hair starts to turn grey
- menopause
- motor - early on: increase strength and coordination, after 30 this declines
When does the menopause occur?
Between 45-55
What are the side effects of the menopause?
- hot flushes
- night sweats
- mood swings and headaches
What does the menopause mean for women?
- stop ovulation and menstruation
* become infertile
What the woman’s body produce less of during the menopause?
Progesterone and oestrogen
What happens to the man’s reproductive system during late adulthood?
- become less fertile - produce fewer sperm
- no sudden end to fertility
- some men lose sexual motivation or sexual interest in their partners - more likely if they’re overweight or drink too much
Emotional development in adulthood?
- self concept continues to develop - includes family, work and achievements
- less self conscious - especially in long term relationships
- more emotionally stable
Social development in adulthood?
- long term partnerships based on sexual relationships
- have children, bond with infant
- increased social skills e.g. leadership
Intellectual development in adulthood?
- reduced curiosity
- increase in knowledge - uni
- practical experience
Growth in later adulthood?
- get shorter as spine discs thin
- more brittle bones and weight reduces - loss of muscle
- blood pressure increases and immune system function reduces
- skin and hair thins
- loss of teeth, hearing and eye sight
- urinate more often
Motor development in later adulthood?
- loss of motor skills
- reduced strength, stamina and mobility
- slower reactions
Intellectual development in later adulthood?
- loss of thinking, problem solving, language skills and memory
- action slips e.g. pouring milk in the kettle
- loss of short and long term memory
- crosswords and puzzles can delay intellectual decline
Emotional development in later adulthood?
- retirement can remove value and purpose
- reduced self esteem
- reduced confidence - lack of ability
- death of partner - upsetting, isolated
Social development in later adulthood?
- social circle reduces
- reduced mobility - leave home less - social isolation
- loss of social skills
- day centres can reduce isolation
What are the language skills that are gained in infancy?
- able able to name objects
- speaking short sentences
- asking questions
- understanding what other people say
- following simple commands
What thinking skills are gained in infancy?
- colour concepts
- number concepts
- shape concepts
