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AQA GCSE Health & Social > Health & Wellbeing > Flashcards

Health & Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the negative definition of health and wellbeing?

A

The absence of physical illness, disease and mental distress

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2
Q

What is the positive definition of health and wellbeing?

A

The achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability

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3
Q

What is the holistic view of health and wellbeing?

A

The result of a combination of physical, intellectual, emotional and social factors

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4
Q

What factors can affect health?

A
  • exercise and diet
  • substance misuse
  • unprotected sex
  • genetically inherited diseases
  • preventing illness and risk management
  • personal hygiene
  • economic factors
  • social factors
  • environmental factors
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5
Q

How can exercise affect health?

A
  • joints, bones and muscles
  • circulatory system
  • respiratory system
  • weight
  • wellbeing
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6
Q

How can exercise affect joints, muscles and bones?

A
  • flexibility
  • mobility
  • strength and stamina
  • bone growth
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7
Q

How can exercise affect the circulatory system?

A
  • changes blood pressure, makes body need to meet demand, so can cope in the future
  • hypertension due to a lack of exercise
  • heart disease when there’s a buildup on artery walls
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8
Q

How can exercise affect the respiratory system?

A
  • vigorous exercise improves lung function

* lack of exercise leads to loss of lung volume

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9
Q

How can exercise help control weight?

A
  • exercise uses energy - otherwise the food is stored as fat
  • obese - at risk of heart disease, hypertension
  • diabetes - too much sugar in blood, do not produce enough insulin, can damage eyes, nerves and kidneys
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10
Q

How does exercise differ in the different life stages?

A

Infancy & Childhood - active during play

Adolescence - require stress exercise to improve bone growth

Adulthood - work and family reduce exercise

Later adulthood - reduce in strength and mobility increases risk

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11
Q

How can exercise affect intellectual development?

A
  • improve concentration

* learn skills and rules of games

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12
Q

How can exercise affect emotional wellbeing?

A
  • enjoyable
  • improved self esteem
  • feeling content
  • sense of achievement
  • improved body image
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13
Q

How can exercise affect social wellbeing?

A

Wider social circle

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14
Q

What are the two groups of chemicals found in food?

A
  • macro - large (g)

* micro - small (mg)

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15
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • fat
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16
Q

What does protein help with?

A
  • growth of muscle
  • tissue repair
  • secondary source of energy
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17
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Release energy

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18
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A
  • starch - slow releasing energy

* sugar - fast releasing energy

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19
Q

What does fat help with?

A
  • insulation

* protects body from knocks

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20
Q

What are high biological value proteins (HBVs)?

A
  • from animal sources - meat, fish, dairy
  • complete
  • contain full dose of essential amino acids
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21
Q

What are low biological value proteins (LBVs)?

A
  • from vegetable sources - beans, nuts, seeds

* incomplete, missing one or more essential amino acids

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22
Q

What are complimentary proteins?

A

When two LBV proteins are eaten together to provide better quality proteins

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23
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A
  • vitamins

* minerals

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24
Q

Are some vitamins water soluble?

A

Yes - they are more sensitive to cooking so are lost more quickly, need to be eaten every day

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25
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C

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26
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K - can be stored in the body

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27
Q

What are some minerals needed by the body?

A
  • calcium - from dairy, strong bones

* iron - development of haemoglobin

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28
Q

What does vitamin B do?

A

Releases energy and maintains nerve endings

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29
Q

What does vitamin C do?

A

Fight disease

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30
Q

What can obesity lead to?

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • heart disease
  • high cholesterol
  • strained joints
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31
Q

How does diet affect health during infancy?

A
  • from birth - breast milk containing components needed to enable growth
  • weaned off milk only to some solid foods aswell
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32
Q

How does diet affect health during childhood?

A
  • only like narrow range of foods
  • growing so need nutrients
  • obesity in childhood means it’s harder to control weight later on
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33
Q

How does diet affect health during adolescence?

A
  • continue to grow so need a protein rich diet
  • need more of each component
  • after puberty girls need more iron than boys
  • worry about body image = inadequate diet
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34
Q

How does diet affect health during adulthood?

A
  • less active so food energy requirements decrease but people eat the same so gain weight
  • pregnant women need extra vitamins and minerals but not fats and carbs
  • overweight adults - less mobile, require less energy
  • diets are not the best way to lose weight
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35
Q

How does diet affect health during later adulthood?

A
  • have smaller appetites
  • less elastic stomachs mean less food intake
  • become less active so do not lose a lot of weight
  • mobility problems - gain weight
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36
Q

What are some substances that are misused?

A
  • tobacco
  • alcohol
  • solvents
  • illegal drugs
  • legal drugs
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37
Q

What affect does tobacco have on health?

A
  • illnesses like bronchitis
  • cancer - mouth, throat, lung
  • increase risk of stillborns
  • wrinkled skin
  • increase risk of hypertension
  • addiction
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38
Q

What is binge drinking?

A
  • when someone drinks more than recommended on a particular occasion
  • after heavy drinking shouldn’t drink for 48 hours
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39
Q

What are the ways that alcohol can be misused?

A
  • binge drinking

* alcoholism

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40
Q

What is alcoholism?

A
  • addiction to alcohol
  • typically concealed
  • causes drunkenness - more likely to have an accident
  • can damage liver long term
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41
Q

What effects can alcoholism have on health?

A
  • cirrhosis - liver damage
  • mouth and throat cancer
  • damage to nerve cells
  • addiction
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42
Q

What effects can solvent misuse have on health?

A
  • cause dizziness when breathed in, leading to accidents

* cause death by stopping heart, liver disease and lung damage

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43
Q

What are some solvents that can misused?

A
  • cigarette lighter fuel
  • glues
  • aerosols
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44
Q

What effects can illegal drugs have on health?

A
  • cannabis - risk factor for cancers
  • ecstasy - brain damage
  • cocaine - depression
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45
Q

What illegal drugs are there?

A
  • ecstasy
  • cannabis
  • heroine
  • cocaine
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46
Q

What effects can legal drug misuse have on health?

A
  • prescription drugs - people become addicted without realising
  • long term can cause kidney failure
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47
Q

Substance misuse in infancy and childhood?

A
  • rare

* effects of having parents who misuse substances can be severe - neglect and physical abuse

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48
Q

Substance misuse in adolescence?

A
  • many drink alcohol
  • common to try smoking and illegal drugs
  • peer pressure
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49
Q

Substance misuse in adulthood?

A
  • misuse from adolescence continued
  • might be addicted
  • some reduce their misuse
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50
Q

Substance misuse in later adulthood?

A
  • more likely to become ill
  • more risk of misusing substances
  • feeling anxious about not having the drug
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51
Q

What are some STIs that can affect health?

A
  • HIV
  • gonorrhoea
  • chlamydia
  • herpes
  • genital warts
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52
Q

Symptoms of HIV?

A
  • virus
  • at first fever like symptoms
  • after 10 years - AIDS which damages immune system and can cause cancer, pneumonia and eventually death
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53
Q

Symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A
  • bacteria
  • not present at first
  • pain when urinating
  • discharge from penis/vagina, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility in women
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54
Q

Symptoms of herpes?

A
  • virus
  • often without symptoms
  • blisters or sores in genital area
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55
Q

Symptoms of chlamydia?

A
  • bacteria
  • often without symptoms
  • later pelvic inflammatory disease, possible infertility in women
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56
Q

Symptoms of genital warts?

A
  • virus
  • symptoms not present at first
  • warts appear later and can itch
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57
Q

Treatment for HIV?

A
  • no cure

* antiretroviral drugs control infection, preventing AIDS

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58
Q

Treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

• antibiotic drugs cure infection

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59
Q

Treatment for chlamydia?

A

• antibiotic drugs cure the infection

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60
Q

Treatment for herpes?

A
  • no cure for infection

* antiviral drugs reduce symptoms

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61
Q

Treatment for genital warts?

A
  • no cure
  • immunisation can prevent infection
  • warts can be removed
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62
Q

Which genetic disorders can affect health?

A
  • Down’s syndrome
  • Huntington’s disease
  • PKU
  • colour blindness
  • haemophilia
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63
Q

What are the main features of Down’s syndrome?

A
  • reduced intelligence
  • small mouth with tongue that may stick out
  • flat back of head
  • palm may only have one crease on it
  • eyes that slant upwards and outwards
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64
Q

What are the main features of Huntington’s disease?

A
  • nerve cell death
  • lack of emotions
  • difficulty concentrating
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65
Q

What are the main features of PKU?

A
  • toxin in the blood
  • behavioural difficulties e.g. tantrums or self harm
  • fairer skin and hair
  • eczema
66
Q

What are the main features of colour blindness?

A
  • difficulty in telling colours apart

* inability to see shades of the same colour

67
Q

What are the main features of haemophilia?

A
  • failure of blood to clot
  • blood in urine and stools
  • deep bruises
  • bleeding gums
  • nosebleeds
  • joint pain
68
Q

What is the cause of Down’s syndrome?

A

One extra chromosome

69
Q

What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?

A

One faulty dominant gene

70
Q

What is the cause of PKU?

A

Two faulty recessive genes

71
Q

What is the cause of colour blindness?

A
  • two faulty recessive genes in females

* one faulty recessive gene in males

72
Q

What is the cause of haemophilia?

A

One faulty recessive gene in males

73
Q

Effects of Down’s syndrome on health and wellbeing?

A

Reduced school achievement

74
Q

Effects of Huntington’s disease on health and wellbeing?

A

Forgetfulness, clumsiness, loss of motor control, personality change

75
Q

Effects of PKU on health and wellbeing?

A

Damage to organs e.g. Brain

76
Q

Effects of colour blindness on health and wellbeing?

A

Some problems with vision

77
Q

Effects of haemophilia on health and wellbeing?

A

Loss of blood, anaemia, internal bleeding

78
Q

Treatment for Down’s syndrome?

A

Special education

79
Q

Treatment for Huntington’s disease?

A

Drugs to reduce symptoms

80
Q

Treatment for PKU?

A

Low protein diet and amino acid supplement

81
Q

Treatment for colour blindness?

A

Tinted lenses

82
Q

Treatment for haemophilia?

A

Regular injections of clotting factor

83
Q

What is health monitoring?

A

Checking a persons health regularly

84
Q

How do screening and monitoring differ?

A

Monitoring has no particular target population

85
Q

Who is health monitoring used for?

A

People already ill, at risk of illness or are recovering

86
Q

Methods of health monitoring?

A
  • temperature
  • pulse rate
  • blood pressure
  • peak flow
  • sugar levels
  • weight
  • height
  • BMI
87
Q

What is the normal human body temperature?

88
Q

What happens when human body temperature drops 5 degrees?

A
  • hypothermia - need to be warmed up

* confusion, loss of consciousness and can die

89
Q

What happens when human body temperature is 1-2 degrees higher than it should be?

A

• fever - when the immune system is fighting infection

90
Q

When is blood pressure measured?

A

When a person is released and at rest

91
Q

What is the higher blood pressure reading?

A

Systolic pressure - the moment the heart pumps blood out as a pulse

92
Q

What is the lower blood pressure reading?

A

Diastolic pressure - pressure between pulses

93
Q

What is the average systolic pressure?

94
Q

What is the average diastolic pressure?

95
Q

How is blood pressure taken?

A
  • inflated cuff wraps around a person’s arm at rest
  • cuff stops blood flow to arm
  • air pressure inside cuff is measured by a column of mercury - air is gradually let out the cuff until pressure is low enough to allow a pulse
  • listen to pulse with stethoscope and read of systolic pressure in mmHg
  • let more air out of cuff until there’s no sound of a pulse in the arm
  • read off diastolic pressure in mmHg
96
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Every time the heart pumps out blood there’s a brief increase in pressure

97
Q

How is pulse rate measured?

A
  • resting pulse rate - place 2 fingers on skin above artery in neck or wrist
  • count number of pulses over 30 seconds and double it

OR

• stress test - exercises that encourage heart to work faster

OR

• recovery pulse rate

98
Q

What is a normal pulse rate for a healthy adult?

99
Q

What does it mean if someone has a high pulse rate for their age?

A
  • unfit

* may have heart disease

100
Q

What is resting heart rate?

A

When pulse rate is measured at rest

101
Q

What does peak flow measure?

A

How well the respiratory system is working - the maximum rate which a person can blow air out of their lungs

102
Q

What is peak flow measured using?

A

A peak flow meter

103
Q

What are the average peak flow rates for adults?

A
  • 630dm3 in men

* 470dm3 in women

104
Q

How is peak flow measured?

A
  • meter is set to zero
  • person takes a deep breath and blows into cardboard tube as hard as they can
  • reader gives a reading in litres per minute
  • do it 3 times
  • highest score is the peak flow
105
Q

What can a blood sugar test show?

A

Whether a person has diabetes or not

106
Q

How are blood sugar tests taken?

A
  • a blood sample is taken and sent to a lab for analysis

* small electronic blood sugar monitors are available which give an instant result by pricking a finger

107
Q

What does BMI indicate?

A

How healthy a person might be

108
Q

What does it mean if someone has a high BMI?

A

They are overweight at greater risk of disease

109
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight divided by the square of their height

110
Q

How is a digital blood pressure monitor used?

A
  • put the cuff on her upper arm or wrist whilst at rest
  • press start button
  • cuff inflates which will stop blood flow
  • record systolic pressure
  • cuff will deflate to release pressure
  • record diastolic pressure
111
Q

What can blood pressure readings indicate?

A
  • normal range - healthy
  • high - risk of heart attack, may have circulatory disease
  • low - faint or dizzy but not life threatening
112
Q

How are blood samples taken?

A
  • vein is on inside of elbow or wrist
  • tight band placed around upper arm so vein fills with blood
  • skin cleaned and needle inserted into vein
  • needle connected to syringe
  • band undone, blood is taken and needle removed
113
Q

How are self samples of blood taken?

A

small electronic blood monitors are available which give an instant result by pricking a finger

114
Q

What is risk management?

A

Reducing danger to workers and public

115
Q

What do risk assessments include?

A

Identifying hazards, who may be harmed, how much risk is present, and how they can be prevented

116
Q

How does risk management affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - enables people to take part in activities that may improve health

I - people think more deeply about what they want to achieve

E - people can go out and do adventurous things

S - requires people to work together and protect each other

117
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Educating people about risks to health and how to live a healthy lifestyle

118
Q

How is health promotion achieved?

A

Education in schools about diet and health and campaigns using posters, websites and TV adverts

119
Q

Why is health promotion ineffective at illness prevention?

A
  • people with risky lifestyles may ignore health promotion
  • people may not believe the information
  • people think it interferes with their freedom
120
Q

What are the most effective forms of illness prevention?

A

Taxation and legislation e.g. increased taxes on alcohol and tobacco

121
Q

What can personal hygiene reduce?

A

Spread of infection

122
Q

How can poor personal hygiene affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - lead to risk of infection

I - no effects

E - lack confidence and low self esteem

S - socially isolated if people are repelled by smell

123
Q

Personal hygiene during infancy?

A
  • cannot control excretion - nappy changes

* kept away from dirt to reduce risk of infection but not too clean, of they will have a weaker immune system

124
Q

Personal hygiene during childhood?

A
  • only have poor hygiene if neglected by parents

* can go to toilet by themselves

125
Q

Personal hygiene during adolescence?

A
  • armpit leads to increased BO

* hygiene practices are more important as they want to be physically attractive

126
Q

Personal hygiene during adulthood?

A

• continue hygiene practices established in adolescence

127
Q

Personal hygiene during later adulthood?

A
  • become more difficult with decreased mobility

* memory loss - forget to wash

128
Q

What do economic factors include?

A
  • financial resources
  • work
  • poverty
  • unemployment
129
Q

Why do adequate financial resources help people to stay healthy?

A
  • pay for food - enough to eat, balanced diet
  • maintain good hygiene
  • housing is safe
  • leisure activities provide exercise
130
Q

What are the effects of poverty on health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - poor diet and lack of exercise

I - poor children won’t afford educational aids like books

E - money worry causes stress and anxiety, low self esteem

S - can’t afford social events

131
Q

Are there links between poverty and ill health?

A
  • people in poverty have much worse health and short life expectancy
  • babies born to poor families have lower birth weights
  • people with poor health - too ill to work, less income
  • people with less education - don’t know about balanced diet or health risks
  • so poor turn to risk behaviour e.g. drugs
132
Q

What social factors can affect health?

A
  • education
  • leisure
  • relationships
  • social isolation
  • stress
133
Q

How can education affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - learn ways to improve health e.g. learn about a balanced diet

I - can be stimulating and benefiting, or boring

E - improve self esteem and sense of achievement - finding out you’re good at something improves self concept

S - brings people in contact with peers

134
Q

How can leisure activity affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - provides time for people to exercise

I - follow interests that are intellectually demanding

E - break from stress

S - spend time with family and friends

135
Q

How can supportive relationships affect health and wellbeing?

A
  • physical contact is pleasurable for people of any age
  • self esteem increases when people like you
  • being with others is stimulating
  • relationships give a feeling of security
136
Q

What are the negative effects of social isolation?

A
  • lack of support from others
  • lack of protection
  • decline in hygiene, diet and self care
  • loneliness
137
Q

What are some ways that social isolation can occur?

A
  • mental disorders
  • hospitalisation
  • imprisonment
  • loss of family member
138
Q

How can stress affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - raise blood pressure in the long term, disturbed sleep, tiredness, headaches, loss of appetite

I - reduce concentration

E - irritable, anxiety and depression

S - strain on relationships, people are less able to treat others well

139
Q

What environmental factors can affect health?

A
  • housing

* pollution

140
Q

When is housing inadequate?

A

If it is:

  • dirty
  • damp
  • unsafe power supply
  • no heating or hot water
  • overcrowded
  • infested with vermin
  • not fitted with safety equipment e.g. fire alarms
141
Q

What are some negative effects of inadequate housing on health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - risk of fire, electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning and falls

I - not enough space for children to study or play

E - lack of privacy, stress = low self esteem

S - people may not want to invite friends round

142
Q

What does environmental pollution include?

A
  • poor air quality
  • water pollution
  • noise pollution
  • radioactivity
  • vermin
143
Q

What is the main source of radioactivity?

144
Q

What are some negative effects of environmental pollution on health and wellbeing? (PIES)

A

P - lack of sleep due to noise, respiratory illness due to pollution, disease spread by vermin

I - worry and lack of sleep reduce concentration

E - noise and vermin can cause anxiety and irritability

S - disputes with noisy neighbours reduces social contact

145
Q

What are the ways of preventing illness?

A
  • immunisation
  • screening
  • health monitoring
  • safety and risk management
  • health promotion
146
Q

What is screening?

A

Where all the members of an at-risk population are checked to see whether they have a disease

147
Q

Examples of health screening?

A
  • heel-prick test for PKU
  • breast cancer screening
  • cervical cancer screening - smear test
148
Q

Preventing illness and managing risk in infancy?

A
  • 2 weeks - heel prick test for PKU
  • 2-4 months - DTP-Polio-Hib vaccine given
  • MMR at 9, 12 and 15 months
149
Q

Preventing illness and managing risk in childhood?

A
  • booster MMR vaccination
  • children with asthma monitor own health using a peak flow monitor
  • schools assess risk for activities
150
Q

Preventing illness and managing risk in adolescence?

A
  • at 12 girls are vaccinated against HPV (an STI)
  • schools and sports clubs have to assess and manage risks
  • receive education about lifestyle and health
151
Q

Preventing illness and managing risk in adulthood?

A
  • women screened for cervical cancer
  • pregnant women have blood pressure checked
  • people travelling to foreign countries are vaccinated
  • workplaces have to assess and manage risks for employees
152
Q

Preventing illness and managing risk in later adulthood?

A
  • screening for bowel cancer
  • some GP practices offer regular health checks
  • residential homes have to assess and manage risks
153
Q

Positive effects of work on health and well being?

A

P - requires physical activities which helps to maintain fitness. requires a good standard of hygiene

I - stimulating

E - doing a worthwhile job increases self-esteem

S - involve social contact (customers, colleagues) and so increases social circe

154
Q

Negative effects of unemployment on health and well being?

A

P - less active, less motivated to maintain personal hygiene

I - unstimulating, boredom

E - lower self-esteem

S - social isolation

155
Q

How can supportive relationships increase well being?

A
  • physical contact (cuddling) is pleasurable
  • self-esteem increased knowing people like you
  • being with others is interesting and stimulating
  • relationships provide security
156
Q

Relationships in infancy?

A
  • parents feed, clean and protect infant
  • attachment - feeling of safety
  • neglect
157
Q

Relationships in childhood?

A
  • self-esteem affected by attention and approval from parents
  • parents have troubled relationship = reduce child’s self-esteem and feeling of safety
158
Q

Relationships in adolescence?

A
  • rely on parents for food, clothes and protection
  • peers become more important
  • peer pressure
159
Q

Relationships in adulthood?

A
  • long-lasting romantic relationships and employment give sources for social support
  • bad romantic relationships lead to anxiety, depression, stress
  • not in a relationship, employed - social isolation
160
Q

Relationships in later adulthood?

A
  • fewer relationships - social isolation
  • death of partner
  • lose mobility

AQA GCSE Health & Social (5 decks)

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