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OT EXAM > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal Sensorimotor Development

A

First trimester- sensory systems begin to develop

Second trimester- sensory systems become further refined

Third trimester- sensory systems are matured and functional, motor reflex are integrated by this time (palmar, plantar, rooting, MORO etc..)

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2
Q

Reflex that integrate during typical development

A
  • rooting
  • suck/swallow
  • traction
  • palmar grasp
  • plantar grasp
  • moro
  • stnr
  • atnr
  • landau
    -symmetric
    -asymmetrical
  • tonic lab (prone/supine)
  • galant
  • neck righting/body righting
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3
Q

rooting reflex

A

stimulus- stroke mouth
response- movement of tongue, mouth or head during stimulus

purpose- help baby locate feeding source

28 weeks- 3 months

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3
Q

reflex starting at 28 weeks gestation

A
  • rooting
  • suck-swallow
  • traction
  • moro
  • plantar grasp
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4
Q

suck swallow reflex

A

stimulus- finger inside mouth w/ head in midline
response- strong, rhythm sucking

purpose- facilitates sucking for swallowing liquid

28 weeks- 2 to 5 months

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5
Q

traction reflex

A

stimulus- grasp forearms and pull to sit
response- flexion of UE

purpose- create grasp to help child hold onto mother when being pulled

28 weeks- 2 to 5 months

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6
Q

moro reflex

A

stimulus- rapidly drop head backward
response- arm extension/abduction then arm flexion and adduction

purpose- develop proctective response, develop extensor tone when flexor tone is dominant

28 weeks- 4-6 months

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7
Q

plantar grasp

A

stimulus- apply pressure to ball of foot
response- toe flexion

purpose- increase input to sole of foot

28 weeks gestation- 9 months

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8
Q

galant reflex

A

stimulus- hold in prone and tap along spine w/ finger
response- lateral trunk flexion on stimulated side

purpose- stabilizing trunk

32 weeks- 2 months

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9
Q

asymmetric tonic reflex

A

stimulus- rotate head and hold for 5 sec
response- extension on face side, flexion on skull side

purpose- visual attention to UE, decreases rolling

37 weeks- 4-6 weeks

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10
Q

palmar grasp

A

stimulus- put finger in palm
response- finger flexion

purpose- increase palmar tactile input

37 weeks- 4 to 6 months

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11
Q

tonic-labyrinthine (supine)

A

stimulus- place in supine
response- increase extensor tone

purpose- full body extensor tone, allows posture to adapt to head

37 weeks- 4 to 6 months

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12
Q

tonic-labyrinthine (prone)

A

stimulus- place in prone
response- increase flexor tone

purpose- full body flexor tone, allows posture to adapt to head

37 weeks- 4 to 6 months

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13
Q

landau reflex

A

stimulus- hold in horizontal prone suspension
response- complete extension of head, trunk and extremities

purpose- regulates tone, promotes extension for flexor tone

3-4 months- 12 to 24 months

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14
Q

symmetric tonic neck reflex

A

stimulus-place in crawling position and extend head
response- flexion of hips and knees

purpose- promotes quadruped position for crawling, breaks up full body extension

4-6 months- 8-12 months

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15
Q

neck righting (on body)

A

stimulus- place in supine and fully turn head to one side
response- log rolling on whole body to maintain alignment

purpose- promotes rolling

4-6 months- 5 years

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16
Q

body righting (on body)

A

stimulus- place in supine, flex one hip and knee towards chest and hold
response- segmental rolling of the UE to maintain alignment

purpose- promote trunk and spinal rotation to facilitate sitting and quadruped positions

4-6 months - 5 years

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17
Q

reflexes that persist throughout life

A
  • optical head righting
  • parachute reflexes
  • tilting reflexes
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18
Q

optical head righting

A

response- upright positioning of head

purpose- head management and postural stability

birth- 2 months

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19
Q

protective extension/parachute reflex

A
  • reflex is used to break falls

downward parachute
- extension of LE
- 4 months

forward parachute
- extension of UE
- 6-9 months

sideward parachute
- arm extension and abduction to the side
- 7 months

backward parachute
- backward arm extension
- 9-10 months

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20
Q

tilting reflex

A

facilitates postural adjustment to maintain COG

prone tilting
- 5 months

supine/sitting tilting
- 7-8 months

quadruped
- 9-12 months

standing
- 12-21 months

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21
Q

Principles of motor development

A
  • proximal to distal
  • stability to controlled mobility
  • ## gross motor to fine motor
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22
Q

play milestones

A

0-2y -exploration (body scheme dev)(imaginary play)
2-4y- symbolic (parallel play)
4-7y- creative (peer play)
7-12y- games

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23
Q

toileting milestones

A

1y- Indicates discomfort
1.5y- place them on toilet
2y- pee regularly
2.5y- accidents, need help getting on toilet
3y- don’t need to help them get on toilet, but needs help w clothing
4-5y: ind

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24
Q

feeding milestones

A

3m-suckling patters (1m=liquid & 3m=pureed)
4m-jaw vertical, munching, bite and release
5m-pureed food off spoon
6m-tongue vertical
7m-jaw diagonal
9m-tongue lateral
12m-jaw firm & rotary chewing, fxn of spoon, dips spoon
15m-scoops food
24m-straw, fork, spoon master

5-7- take food from food
6-9- bangs spoon, suck on cracker, consumes soft foods
9-13- finger foods
12-14- dips spoon, brings spoon to mouth
15-18- scoops food with spoon

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25
Q

scissor milestones

A

2-3y- interest, snips, open/close w control
3-4y- forward motion, lateral direction, straight line, simple geometric shapes, circles (3.5-4.5y)
4-6y- simple figure shapes
6-7y- complex figure shapes

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26
Q

dressing milestones

A

1y-hands in sleeves, shoes off, cooperates
2y-pants down, removes unfastened coat
2.5y-large buttons, elastic pants
3y-shirt w/ min A, hooks/snaps/zippers, regular pants, dress w/ supervision but trouble with orientation
4y-ties shoes, understands orientation of clothing
4.5y-belt in loops
5y-knots, dresses independently
6y-bows, snaps back of clothing

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27
Q

gross motor milestones

A

3m-head control, supine🡪sideline
4m-hands together, props forward on arms
6m-begins to roll
7m-creeping on belly, bears wgt through legs, transition from sitting to kneeling
9m-walks with 2 hands held, cruises furniture, begins to crawl
10m-reciprocal crawl, w sitting, pulls to stand w/ furniture, voluntary release w/ wrist straight
12m-walk

28
Q

pre-writing (grasp) milestones

A

Primitive grip (Palmar supinate grasps—fisted hand) (1 TO 1.5 YEARS)

Transitional grip (Digital pronate grasp to static tripod grasp—pronated forearm to supinated forearm)(2 TO 4 YEARS)

Mature grip (dynamic tripod grasp—opposition) (4.5 TO 6)

29
Q

pre-writing (readiness) milestones

A

1yr=scribbles
2yr=imitates lines
3yr=copies lines and circle
4-5yrs=copies cross, oblique line, square, some letters/numbers, possibly write name
5-6 yrs = copy a triangle, write name, copy most letters from model

30
Q

cube grasp milestones

A

3m-Swipes
4m-Primitive squeeze
5m-Ulnar Palmar grasp 🡪 Palmar grasp
6m-Radial Palmar grasp w/ wrist flexed
7m-Radial Palmar grasp w/ wrist straight
8m-Radial Digital grasp/3 Jaw Chuck grasp

31
Q

pellet grasp milestones

A

6m-Rakes
7m-Inferior Scissor grasp
8m-Scissor grasp
9m-Inferior Pincer grasp
10m-Pincer grasp
12m-Fine Pincer grasp

32
Q

release skills

A

0-1m- no release
1m-4m - involuntary release
5-6m- two-stage transfer
6-7m- one-stage transfer
7-9m- voluntary release

33
Q

bilateral hand use

A

12-18m- uses both hands
18-24m- manipulation skills
2 1/2 years- 2 different hands for 2 different functions

33
Q

manipulating skills

A

finger to palm (12-15m) (translation w/ stabilization): picking up coin

palm to finger (2-21/2 years) (translation w/ stabilization): coin in slot

shift (3-5 years(: linear mvmt to reposition objects (book pages, clay, on pencil)

complex rotation (6-7 years): rotation of object 360*(writing, flip pencil to erase and back to write)

simple rotation (2- 21/2 years): rotation of object 90* (unscrew bottle cap)
tge
translation w/ stabilization (6-7 years) : 5 pennies in palm, take one to tip of fingers while other are still in your palm

34
Q

Erikson development

A

Stage 1- birth to 18 months, trust vs mistrust,

Stage 2- 2- 4 years, autonomy vs doubt and shame,

Stage 3- pre-school age, initiative vs guilt

Stage 4- elementary school age, industry vs inferiority

Stage 5- teenage years, self-identity vs role confusion

Stage 6- young adulthood, intimacy/solidarity vs isolation, capacity to love

Stage 7- middle adulthood, generativity vs self-absorption, capacity to care

Stage 8- older adulthood, integrity vs despair, wisdom

35
Q

Jean Piaget- development of cognition

A

sensorimotor period- birth to 2 years

preoperational period- 2- 7 years

concrete operations- 7 to 11 years

formal operations- 11 to teen years

36
Q

components of a developmental evaluation

A
  • info about pregnancy and birth history
  • medical history
  • developmental history
  • parent interview
37
Q

developmental assessments

A

Denver developmental screening test (1-6 months)

Bayley Scales of Infant Development (1- 42 months)

FirstSTEP screening test for preschoolers (2 years 9 months- 6 years 2 months)

Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP)- preschoolers ages 3 -6 years old

Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (2 years 9 months- 5 years 8 months)

PEDI assessment (6 months- 7.5 years)

38
Q

play assessments

A

Play History
- assesses play behavior and play opportunities
- children and adolescents

Knox Preschool Play scale
- observations of play skills to differentiate development play aspects
- 0 to 6 years

Test of Playfulness
- assess child playfulness
- 15 months to 10 years

Transdisciplinary play-based assessment
- measures child’s development to determine the need for services
- infancy to six years

38
Q

motor assessments

A

BOT assessment- 4- 21 years

Erhardt Development- children of all ages and cognition levels

Peabody developmental- birth to 6 years

TIME assessment- birth to 3 years

39
Q

social participation assessments

A

Participation Scale (P Scale)
- 15 years and older with physical disabilities

School Function Assessment
- elementary school-age children from grades K-6

40
Q

effects of aging

A
  • decrease in functional capacity
  • decrease in reaction time
  • decrease in muscle strength
    • slower movements
    • complaints of fatigue
    • loss of ROM
    • decrease in functional mobility
    • unsteady gait
  • loss of bone mass
  • postural changes
  • visual issues
  • sensory issues
41
Q

strategies for age-related muscular system changes

A
  • improve overall health (nutrition, medical problems)
  • increase levels of physical activities,
  • strength training
  • flexibility and ROM exercises
42
Q

strategies for age-related skeletal system changes

A
  • postural exercises
  • weight-bearing (gravity-loading) exercises
  • nutritional, hormonal, medical therapies
43
Q

strategies for age-related neurological system changes

A
  • correct medical problems (improve cerebral blood flow)
  • improve health
  • increase levels of physical activity
  • improve motor learning and control
44
Q

age-related macular degeneration

A
  • blank spot in central visual field
  • not treatment for dry AMD
  • wet AMD can progress quickly
  • affects macula (scotomas)
  • affects reading, driving, managing medication and watching television
45
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A
  • damage to the retina
  • affects central and peripheral vision
  • results in blurry/hazy vision
46
Q

glaucoma

A
  • loss of peripheral vision
  • tunnel vision
  • difficulty scanning
  • decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, glare sensitivity
  • orientation and mobility are affected
47
Q

cataracts

A
  • clouding of the lens
  • vision is hazy and blurry
  • central vision is affected
48
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A
  • visual field deficit
  • occurs after a neurological injury like CVA
49
Q

strategies for age-related auditory system changes

A
  • assess for hearing
  • assess for use of hearing aids
  • minimize auditory distractions (quiet environment)
  • speak slowly, clearly and directly in front of person at eye level
  • use nonverbal communication (gesture, demonstration)
  • written and demonstrated instructions
  • orient person when they can’t hear a conversation
  • assistive devices to compensate for vision loss (vibrating/flashing smoke alarms, telephones, doorbells, clocks)
50
Q

strategies for age-related cognitive changes

A
  • improve health
  • increase physical activity
  • increase mental activity
  • provide multiple sensory to compensate and maximize learning (visual demonstrations, written instructions, verbal cues)
  • stimulating, enriching environment
  • reduce stress
51
Q

strategies for age-related cardiopulmonary changes

A
  • complete cardiopulmonary assessment before exercise system
  • individualized exercise program (yoga, tai chi, pool programs)
  • aerobic training programs
  • improve overall daily activity levels
52
Q

house management milestones

A

1y- imitate
2y- pick up own toys w/ reminders
3y- clean up spills independently, helps w/ chores
4y-make own snacks and dry cereal, sorts laundry
5y- answer phone, sandwich, garbage, dirty clothes in laundry
6y- cross street, simple errands, household chores
7-9y-cooks meals with help, money, calls friends, puts clean clothes away
10-12y cooks meals with supervision, pet care, simple repairs, sets table
13y-cooks meals independently & laundry

53
Q

strategies for somatosensory system changes

A
  • assess carefully
  • allow extra time for responses with increased thresholds
  • maximize physical contact (rubbing, stroking, tapping)
  • teach compensatory strategies
  • assistive devices and environment modifications
  • biofeedback devices (limb-load monitor)
54
Q

eval for feeding

A
  • parent interview
  • medical/developmental history
  • observation of feeding
  • if child is at high risk of aspiration, recommend videofluoroscopy
55
Q

intervention for oral motor control

A
  • positioning for neutral pelvic alignment and trunk stability in caregiver’s lap or chair
56
Q

appropriate positioning for feeding infant

A
  • neutral pelvic alignment and trunk stability in caregiver’s lap or chair (infant seat or wheelchair)
57
Q

hand positioning of caregiver when feeding infant

A
  • index finger under the child’s lip
  • middle finger under jaw
  • place thumb on lateral end of mandible
58
Q

facilitate swallow by lip closure

A
  • downward pressure of spoon on the middle aspect of tongue
59
Q

facilitate lip closure

A
  • upward pressure of index finger under child’s lip
60
Q

facilitate jaw closure

A

firm upper pressure of middle finger under jaw

61
Q

inhibiting tongue thrust

A

press spoon downward and hold onto tongue

62
Q

facilitate chewing

A

long soft cooked vegetables between gum and teeth

63
Q

preventative measures for abnormal feeding patterns

A
  • firm downward pressure w/ spoon when there is tonic bite reflex
  • prevent tongue retraction to avoid choking
  • facilitate lip closure for tongue thrust
  • decrease tactile sensitivity prior to feeding by providing firm pressure
  • thicker foods are easier to swallow and manage (especially if there’s tongue thrust)
64
Q

rolling milestones

A

3-4m- supine to side
5-6m- prone to supine, supine to side w/ legs doing independent movements, supine to prone w/ legs doing independent movements
6-14m- segemental rolling w/ whole body

65
Q

early object use milestones

A

3-6m- banging and shaking objects
6-9m- pulling, turning, poking, tearing objects
8-9- puts objects in containers
9-12- pushing train or rolling a ball

66
Q

problem-solving milestones

A

6-9- finding toy covered by cloth, rolling to secure a toy, banging toy to hear noise

9-12- using a stick to bring toy closer to them

18-21- can operate an mechanical toy
21-24 - can use shape sorter
24-27- can discriminate between sizes
24-30- can build blocks horizontally and vertically

OT EXAM (17 decks)

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