Human Development Flashcards
Fetal Sensorimotor Development
First trimester- sensory systems begin to develop
Second trimester- sensory systems become further refined
Third trimester- sensory systems are matured and functional, motor reflex are integrated by this time (palmar, plantar, rooting, MORO etc..)
Reflex that integrate during typical development
- rooting
- suck/swallow
- traction
- palmar grasp
- plantar grasp
- moro
- stnr
- atnr
- landau
-symmetric
-asymmetrical - tonic lab (prone/supine)
- galant
- neck righting/body righting
rooting reflex
stimulus- stroke mouth
response- movement of tongue, mouth or head during stimulus
purpose- help baby locate feeding source
28 weeks- 3 months
reflex starting at 28 weeks gestation
- rooting
- suck-swallow
- traction
- moro
- plantar grasp
suck swallow reflex
stimulus- finger inside mouth w/ head in midline
response- strong, rhythm sucking
purpose- facilitates sucking for swallowing liquid
28 weeks- 2 to 5 months
traction reflex
stimulus- grasp forearms and pull to sit
response- flexion of UE
purpose- create grasp to help child hold onto mother when being pulled
28 weeks- 2 to 5 months
moro reflex
stimulus- rapidly drop head backward
response- arm extension/abduction then arm flexion and adduction
purpose- develop proctective response, develop extensor tone when flexor tone is dominant
28 weeks- 4-6 months
plantar grasp
stimulus- apply pressure to ball of foot
response- toe flexion
purpose- increase input to sole of foot
28 weeks gestation- 9 months
galant reflex
stimulus- hold in prone and tap along spine w/ finger
response- lateral trunk flexion on stimulated side
purpose- stabilizing trunk
32 weeks- 2 months
asymmetric tonic reflex
stimulus- rotate head and hold for 5 sec
response- extension on face side, flexion on skull side
purpose- visual attention to UE, decreases rolling
37 weeks- 4-6 weeks
palmar grasp
stimulus- put finger in palm
response- finger flexion
purpose- increase palmar tactile input
37 weeks- 4 to 6 months
tonic-labyrinthine (supine)
stimulus- place in supine
response- increase extensor tone
purpose- full body extensor tone, allows posture to adapt to head
37 weeks- 4 to 6 months
tonic-labyrinthine (prone)
stimulus- place in prone
response- increase flexor tone
purpose- full body flexor tone, allows posture to adapt to head
37 weeks- 4 to 6 months
landau reflex
stimulus- hold in horizontal prone suspension
response- complete extension of head, trunk and extremities
purpose- regulates tone, promotes extension for flexor tone
3-4 months- 12 to 24 months
symmetric tonic neck reflex
stimulus-place in crawling position and extend head
response- flexion of hips and knees
purpose- promotes quadruped position for crawling, breaks up full body extension
4-6 months- 8-12 months
neck righting (on body)
stimulus- place in supine and fully turn head to one side
response- log rolling on whole body to maintain alignment
purpose- promotes rolling
4-6 months- 5 years
body righting (on body)
stimulus- place in supine, flex one hip and knee towards chest and hold
response- segmental rolling of the UE to maintain alignment
purpose- promote trunk and spinal rotation to facilitate sitting and quadruped positions
4-6 months - 5 years
reflexes that persist throughout life
- optical head righting
- parachute reflexes
- tilting reflexes
optical head righting
response- upright positioning of head
purpose- head management and postural stability
birth- 2 months
protective extension/parachute reflex
- reflex is used to break falls
downward parachute
- extension of LE
- 4 months
forward parachute
- extension of UE
- 6-9 months
sideward parachute
- arm extension and abduction to the side
- 7 months
backward parachute
- backward arm extension
- 9-10 months
tilting reflex
facilitates postural adjustment to maintain COG
prone tilting
- 5 months
supine/sitting tilting
- 7-8 months
quadruped
- 9-12 months
standing
- 12-21 months
Principles of motor development
- proximal to distal
- stability to controlled mobility
- ## gross motor to fine motor
play milestones
0-2y -exploration (body scheme dev)(imaginary play)
2-4y- symbolic (parallel play)
4-7y- creative (peer play)
7-12y- games
toileting milestones
1y- Indicates discomfort
1.5y- place them on toilet
2y- pee regularly
2.5y- accidents, need help getting on toilet
3y- don’t need to help them get on toilet, but needs help w clothing
4-5y: ind
feeding milestones
3m-suckling patters (1m=liquid & 3m=pureed)
4m-jaw vertical, munching, bite and release
5m-pureed food off spoon
6m-tongue vertical
7m-jaw diagonal
9m-tongue lateral
12m-jaw firm & rotary chewing, fxn of spoon, dips spoon
15m-scoops food
24m-straw, fork, spoon master
5-7- take food from food
6-9- bangs spoon, suck on cracker, consumes soft foods
9-13- finger foods
12-14- dips spoon, brings spoon to mouth
15-18- scoops food with spoon
scissor milestones
2-3y- interest, snips, open/close w control
3-4y- forward motion, lateral direction, straight line, simple geometric shapes, circles (3.5-4.5y)
4-6y- simple figure shapes
6-7y- complex figure shapes
dressing milestones
1y-hands in sleeves, shoes off, cooperates
2y-pants down, removes unfastened coat
2.5y-large buttons, elastic pants
3y-shirt w/ min A, hooks/snaps/zippers, regular pants, dress w/ supervision but trouble with orientation
4y-ties shoes, understands orientation of clothing
4.5y-belt in loops
5y-knots, dresses independently
6y-bows, snaps back of clothing
gross motor milestones
3m-head control, supine🡪sideline
4m-hands together, props forward on arms
6m-begins to roll
7m-creeping on belly, bears wgt through legs, transition from sitting to kneeling
9m-walks with 2 hands held, cruises furniture, begins to crawl
10m-reciprocal crawl, w sitting, pulls to stand w/ furniture, voluntary release w/ wrist straight
12m-walk
pre-writing (grasp) milestones
Primitive grip (Palmar supinate grasps—fisted hand) (1 TO 1.5 YEARS)
Transitional grip (Digital pronate grasp to static tripod grasp—pronated forearm to supinated forearm)(2 TO 4 YEARS)
Mature grip (dynamic tripod grasp—opposition) (4.5 TO 6)
pre-writing (readiness) milestones
1yr=scribbles
2yr=imitates lines
3yr=copies lines and circle
4-5yrs=copies cross, oblique line, square, some letters/numbers, possibly write name
5-6 yrs = copy a triangle, write name, copy most letters from model
cube grasp milestones
3m-Swipes
4m-Primitive squeeze
5m-Ulnar Palmar grasp 🡪 Palmar grasp
6m-Radial Palmar grasp w/ wrist flexed
7m-Radial Palmar grasp w/ wrist straight
8m-Radial Digital grasp/3 Jaw Chuck grasp
pellet grasp milestones
6m-Rakes
7m-Inferior Scissor grasp
8m-Scissor grasp
9m-Inferior Pincer grasp
10m-Pincer grasp
12m-Fine Pincer grasp
release skills
0-1m- no release
1m-4m - involuntary release
5-6m- two-stage transfer
6-7m- one-stage transfer
7-9m- voluntary release
bilateral hand use
12-18m- uses both hands
18-24m- manipulation skills
2 1/2 years- 2 different hands for 2 different functions
manipulating skills
finger to palm (12-15m) (translation w/ stabilization): picking up coin
palm to finger (2-21/2 years) (translation w/ stabilization): coin in slot
shift (3-5 years(: linear mvmt to reposition objects (book pages, clay, on pencil)
complex rotation (6-7 years): rotation of object 360*(writing, flip pencil to erase and back to write)
simple rotation (2- 21/2 years): rotation of object 90* (unscrew bottle cap)
tge
translation w/ stabilization (6-7 years) : 5 pennies in palm, take one to tip of fingers while other are still in your palm
Erikson development
Stage 1- birth to 18 months, trust vs mistrust,
Stage 2- 2- 4 years, autonomy vs doubt and shame,
Stage 3- pre-school age, initiative vs guilt
Stage 4- elementary school age, industry vs inferiority
Stage 5- teenage years, self-identity vs role confusion
Stage 6- young adulthood, intimacy/solidarity vs isolation, capacity to love
Stage 7- middle adulthood, generativity vs self-absorption, capacity to care
Stage 8- older adulthood, integrity vs despair, wisdom
Jean Piaget- development of cognition
sensorimotor period- birth to 2 years
preoperational period- 2- 7 years
concrete operations- 7 to 11 years
formal operations- 11 to teen years
components of a developmental evaluation
- info about pregnancy and birth history
- medical history
- developmental history
- parent interview
developmental assessments
Denver developmental screening test (1-6 months)
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (1- 42 months)
FirstSTEP screening test for preschoolers (2 years 9 months- 6 years 2 months)
Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP)- preschoolers ages 3 -6 years old
Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (2 years 9 months- 5 years 8 months)
PEDI assessment (6 months- 7.5 years)
play assessments
Play History
- assesses play behavior and play opportunities
- children and adolescents
Knox Preschool Play scale
- observations of play skills to differentiate development play aspects
- 0 to 6 years
Test of Playfulness
- assess child playfulness
- 15 months to 10 years
Transdisciplinary play-based assessment
- measures child’s development to determine the need for services
- infancy to six years
motor assessments
BOT assessment- 4- 21 years
Erhardt Development- children of all ages and cognition levels
Peabody developmental- birth to 6 years
TIME assessment- birth to 3 years
social participation assessments
Participation Scale (P Scale)
- 15 years and older with physical disabilities
School Function Assessment
- elementary school-age children from grades K-6
effects of aging
- decrease in functional capacity
- decrease in reaction time
- decrease in muscle strength
- slower movements
- complaints of fatigue
- loss of ROM
- decrease in functional mobility
- unsteady gait
- loss of bone mass
- postural changes
- visual issues
- sensory issues
strategies for age-related muscular system changes
- improve overall health (nutrition, medical problems)
- increase levels of physical activities,
- strength training
- flexibility and ROM exercises
strategies for age-related skeletal system changes
- postural exercises
- weight-bearing (gravity-loading) exercises
- nutritional, hormonal, medical therapies
strategies for age-related neurological system changes
- correct medical problems (improve cerebral blood flow)
- improve health
- increase levels of physical activity
- improve motor learning and control
age-related macular degeneration
- blank spot in central visual field
- not treatment for dry AMD
- wet AMD can progress quickly
- affects macula (scotomas)
- affects reading, driving, managing medication and watching television
diabetic retinopathy
- damage to the retina
- affects central and peripheral vision
- results in blurry/hazy vision
glaucoma
- loss of peripheral vision
- tunnel vision
- difficulty scanning
- decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, glare sensitivity
- orientation and mobility are affected
cataracts
- clouding of the lens
- vision is hazy and blurry
- central vision is affected
homonymous hemianopsia
- visual field deficit
- occurs after a neurological injury like CVA
strategies for age-related auditory system changes
- assess for hearing
- assess for use of hearing aids
- minimize auditory distractions (quiet environment)
- speak slowly, clearly and directly in front of person at eye level
- use nonverbal communication (gesture, demonstration)
- written and demonstrated instructions
- orient person when they can’t hear a conversation
- assistive devices to compensate for vision loss (vibrating/flashing smoke alarms, telephones, doorbells, clocks)
strategies for age-related cognitive changes
- improve health
- increase physical activity
- increase mental activity
- provide multiple sensory to compensate and maximize learning (visual demonstrations, written instructions, verbal cues)
- stimulating, enriching environment
- reduce stress
strategies for age-related cardiopulmonary changes
- complete cardiopulmonary assessment before exercise system
- individualized exercise program (yoga, tai chi, pool programs)
- aerobic training programs
- improve overall daily activity levels
house management milestones
1y- imitate
2y- pick up own toys w/ reminders
3y- clean up spills independently, helps w/ chores
4y-make own snacks and dry cereal, sorts laundry
5y- answer phone, sandwich, garbage, dirty clothes in laundry
6y- cross street, simple errands, household chores
7-9y-cooks meals with help, money, calls friends, puts clean clothes away
10-12y cooks meals with supervision, pet care, simple repairs, sets table
13y-cooks meals independently & laundry
strategies for somatosensory system changes
- assess carefully
- allow extra time for responses with increased thresholds
- maximize physical contact (rubbing, stroking, tapping)
- teach compensatory strategies
- assistive devices and environment modifications
- biofeedback devices (limb-load monitor)
eval for feeding
- parent interview
- medical/developmental history
- observation of feeding
- if child is at high risk of aspiration, recommend videofluoroscopy
intervention for oral motor control
- positioning for neutral pelvic alignment and trunk stability in caregiver’s lap or chair
appropriate positioning for feeding infant
- neutral pelvic alignment and trunk stability in caregiver’s lap or chair (infant seat or wheelchair)
hand positioning of caregiver when feeding infant
- index finger under the child’s lip
- middle finger under jaw
- place thumb on lateral end of mandible
facilitate swallow by lip closure
- downward pressure of spoon on the middle aspect of tongue
facilitate lip closure
- upward pressure of index finger under child’s lip
facilitate jaw closure
firm upper pressure of middle finger under jaw
inhibiting tongue thrust
press spoon downward and hold onto tongue
facilitate chewing
long soft cooked vegetables between gum and teeth
preventative measures for abnormal feeding patterns
- firm downward pressure w/ spoon when there is tonic bite reflex
- prevent tongue retraction to avoid choking
- facilitate lip closure for tongue thrust
- decrease tactile sensitivity prior to feeding by providing firm pressure
- thicker foods are easier to swallow and manage (especially if there’s tongue thrust)
rolling milestones
3-4m- supine to side
5-6m- prone to supine, supine to side w/ legs doing independent movements, supine to prone w/ legs doing independent movements
6-14m- segemental rolling w/ whole body
early object use milestones
3-6m- banging and shaking objects
6-9m- pulling, turning, poking, tearing objects
8-9- puts objects in containers
9-12- pushing train or rolling a ball
problem-solving milestones
6-9- finding toy covered by cloth, rolling to secure a toy, banging toy to hear noise
9-12- using a stick to bring toy closer to them
18-21- can operate an mechanical toy
21-24 - can use shape sorter
24-27- can discriminate between sizes
24-30- can build blocks horizontally and vertically
