Human Development

Question 1

Oral Stage

Answer 1

Freud’s 1st stage of psychosexual development
Ages- birth to 18mos
Primary need of baby is security

Question 2

Anal Stage

Answer 2

Freud’s 2nd stage of psychosexual development
Ages- 18mons to 3yrs
Gratification involves anus and bladder

Question 3

Phallic Stage

Answer 3

Freud’s 3rd stage of psychosexual development
Ages 3-6
Child explores body more
Oedipus and Electra complexes may occur

Question 4

Latent Stage

Answer 4

Freud’s 4th stage of psychosexual development
Ages 6- puberty
Child’s sexual interests have subsided, energy focused on school, hobbies, etc.

Question 5

Genital Stage

Answer 5

Freud’s 5th stage of psychosexual development
Ages- puberty to death
Teen becomes aware of physical changes
General motivation to seek relationships that are emotionally and sexually satisfying

Question 6

Erikson’s Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 18mos)

Answer 6

Primary goal is to learn to trust others

Achieved when caretaker appropriately responds to child’s needs

Question 7

Erikson’s Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18mos to age 3)

Answer 7

Primary goal is development of self-control and self-expression without loss of self-esteem
Failure to achieve this leads to defiance, anger, and social problems.

Question 8

Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt (Ages 3-6)

Answer 8

Initiative- creating a plan and following through with it
Guilt- generated by fear that actions taken will result in disapproval
Failure to achieve this goal can lead to anxiety and fearfulness in new situations

Question 9

Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority (Ages 6-11)

Answer 9

Industry- purposeful, meaningful behavior
Inferiority- having sense of unworthiness or uselessness
Failure leads to negative social or academic performance
*Child is focusing on making friends and self-care activities

Question 10

Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion (Ages 12 to 18)

Answer 10

Involves desire to fit in and to figure out one’s own unique identity
Role confusion is a result of juggling multiple physical changes, increased responsibility and academic demands

Question 11

Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation (Ages 18-40)

Answer 11

Ability to take risks by entering workforce, finding long term relationship
Failure to navigate this stage leads to isolation, loneliness and depression

Question 12

Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation (Ages 40-60)

Answer 12

Developing stability in all facets of life

Failure to achieve this leads to unhappiness with one’s status and feeling unimportant

Question 13

Erikson’s Ego Identity vs Despair (mid-sixties to death)

Answer 13

Important life tasks are being completed

Reviewing and evaluating how one’s life was spent

Question 14

Assimilation (Piaget’s model)

Answer 14

When a person accepts and organizes information, then incorporates new material into existing knowledge

I.e. child sees a new dog for the first time, but recognizes it as a dog

Question 15

Accommodation (Piaget’s model)

Answer 15

Old ideas must be changed or replaced due to obtaining new information from the environment

Question 16

Schemas (Piaget’s model)

Answer 16

A set of thoughts, ideas, or perceptions that are constantly challenged by gaining new information

Question 17

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2)

Answer 17

Piaget’s first stage
Object permanence- baby realizes that people or objects still exist, even if they are out of sight
Object permanence builds sense of security as baby learns though parent has left, they will return

Question 18

Pre-operational Stage (age 2-7)

Answer 18

Piaget’s 2 stage
Child starts to use language
Is egocentric and has trouble using logic and understanding differing viewpoints

Question 19

Concrete Operational Stage (7-12)

Answer 19

Piaget’s 3rd stage
Is able to understand differing viewpoints
Previously held beliefs are questioned

Question 20

Formal Operational Stage (Ages 12- adulthood)

Answer 20

Piaget’s final stage
Egocentrism diminishes
New schemas are created

Question 21

Classical Conditioning

Answer 21

Ivan Pavlov
Learning process where two stimuli are repeatedly paired i.e. ringing bell paired with presentation of food, creates response for dog

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Answer 22

B.F. Skinner

Behaviors that are reinforced will increase; behavior that is punished will decrease.

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

“Adding” a reward to reinforce behavior (i.e. food, money, praise, or attention)

Question 24

Negative reinforcement

Answer 24

Something (unpleasant) already present is removed (taken away) as a result of a person’s behavior
i.e. man finally cuts grass to stop his wife from nagging about it

Question 25

Positive punishment

Answer 25

Adding a consequence to decrease behavior

Question 26

Negative punishment

Answer 26

Removing favorited items of person’s life to decrease behaviors

Question 27

Superstition

Answer 27

Incorrect perception that one stimulus is connected to another

Question 28

Shaping

Answer 28

Changing behavior gradually toward desired behavior

Question 29

Extinction

Answer 29

Referring to when a behavior disappears because it is no longer being reinforced

Question 30

Seasons of Life Theory (Levinson)

Answer 30

Theory of adult development

Question 31

Freud’s three levels of the mind

Answer 31

Consciousness: the part of the mind that holds accessible and current thoughts
Pre-Consciousness: the area that holds thought that can be accessed by memory
Unconscious: mind motivates behavior and contains thoughts, feelings and impulses not easily accessible

Question 32

Id

Answer 32

Most basic, primitive part of the human psyche, based on instincts
Two instincts: THANATOS (death) and EROS (survival)

Question 33

Ego

Answer 33

Develops over the first few years of life

Awareness of others’ feelings, delay gratification when necessary

Question 34

Superego

Answer 34

Final personality component, developed around age 5

Internal moral system of a person/sense of right and wrong