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Higher Human Biology > Human Cells: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Human Cells: Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process by which specific genes are activated to produce a required protein

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2
Q

What does gene expression involve?

A

The transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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3
Q

Genes are expressed to produce what?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are what?

A

Expressed

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5
Q

Transcription and translation involves three types of RNA what are they?

A

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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6
Q

What is RNA?

A

It is single stranded and is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar, phosphate and one of four bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Uracill

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7
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA) does what?

A

Carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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8
Q

mRNA is transcribed from DNA where? And then translated where?

A

Transcribed from DNA in the nucleus.

Translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the name and function of each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule?

A

A codon.

It codes for a specific amino acid

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10
Q

Why does transfer RNA (tRNA) fold?

A

Due to complementary base pairing

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11
Q

What does a tRNA molecule have?

A

An anticodon (an exposed triplet of bases) at one end and an attachment site for a specific amino acid at the other end

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12
Q

What does each tRNA molecule carry?

A

Its specific amino acid to the ribosome

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13
Q

What forms the ribosome?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

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14
Q

DNA is transcribed to produce what?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries a copy of the genetic code

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15
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

The enzyme RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

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16
Q

RNA polymerase synthesises what?

A

A primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

17
Q

Uracil in RNA is complementary to what?

A

Adenine

18
Q

Eukaryotic genes have what?

A

Introns and exons

19
Q

The introns of the primary transcript are what?

A

Non-coding regions and are removed

20
Q

The exons of the primary transcript are what?

A

Coding regions and are joined together to form the mature transcript

21
Q

What happens to the order of exons during RNA splicing?

A

It is unchanged

22
Q

RNA splicing forms what?

A

A mature mRNA transcript

23
Q

What does the mature mRNA transcript do?

A

Carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where it is translated

24
Q

What is tRNA involved in?

A

The translation of mRNA into a polypeptide at a ribosome

25
Q

Most codons code for specific amino acids but what other types of codons are there?

A

Start codons and stop codons

26
Q

Where does translation begin and end?

A

It begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon

27
Q

Amino acids are carried by what?

A

Specific tRNA molecules

28
Q

tRNA anticodons align and bond to mRNA codons by complementary base pairing, doing what?

A

Translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

29
Q

Peptide bonds join the amino acids together to form what?

A

A polypeptide

30
Q

Following polypeptide formation, what happens to tRNA?

A

It exits the ribosome to collect further amino acids

31
Q

Different proteins can be expressed from one gene, as a result of what?

A

Alternative RNA splicing

32
Q

Different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on what?

A

Which exons are retained

33
Q

Polypeptide chains fold to form what?

A

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, held together by hydrogen bonds and other molecular interactions between individual amino acids

34
Q

Proteins have a large variety of shapes which determines what?

A

Their functions

35
Q

Gene expression results in what?

A

Proteins which determine the phenotype of an individual organism

36
Q

What also influences phenotype?

A

Environmental factors

Higher Human Biology (24 decks)

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