Human Cells: Energy Systems in Muscle Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

During vigorous exercise, the muscle cells do not receive sufficient oxygen to support the electron transport chain. Under these conditions what happens?

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate

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2
Q

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate involves what?

A

The transfer of hydrogen from the coenzyme NADH to pyruvate in order to produce lactate

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3
Q

This regenerates the NAD needed to maintain what?

A

ATP production through glycolysis

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4
Q

What occurs when lactate accumulates?

A

Muscle fatigue

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5
Q

When is the oxygen debt repaid?

A

When exercise is complete

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6
Q

What does the repaying of the oxygen debt allow?

A

Respiration to provide the energy required to convert lactate back to pyruvate and glucose in the liver

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7
Q

What do slow-twitch muscle fibres do and what are they useful for?

A

They contract relatively slowly, but can sustain contractions for longer.
They are useful for endurance activities such as long-distance running, cycling or cross-country skiing.

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8
Q

What are the features of slow-twitch muscle fibres?

A

They rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP and have many mitochondria, a good supply and a high concentration of the oxygen-storing protein myoglobin

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9
Q

What is the major storage fuel of slow-twitch muscle fibres?

A

Fats

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10
Q

What do fast-twitch muscle fibres do?

A

Contract relatively quickly, over short periods

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11
Q

What are fast-twitch muscle fibres useful for?

A

Activities such as sprinting or weightlifting

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12
Q

How do fast-twitch muscle fibres generate ATP?

A

Through glycolysis only

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13
Q

What are the features of fast-twitch muscle fibres?

A

They have fewer mitochondria and a less good blood supply compared to slow-twitch muscle fibres

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14
Q

What is the major storage fuel of fast-twitch muscle fibres?

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

What does most human muscle tissue contain?

A

A mixture of both slow- and fast- twitch muscle fibres

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16
Q

What do athletes show distinct patterns of?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres that reflect their sporting activities