Human Body: Orientation

Question 1

Anatomy?

Answer 1

Study of the structure of boyd parts

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of function of the body

Question 3

Levels of structural organization of the body?

Answer 3

Chemicals > Cell > Tissue > organ > organ system > organismal level

Question 4

tissue

Answer 4

groups of similar cells with common function

Question 5

organ

Answer 5

discrete structure with at least 2 types of tissues

Question 6

organ system

Answer 6

organs that work together for common purpose

Question 7

(8) Functions needed for life?

Answer 7

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Question 8

metabolism

Answer 8

all chemical reactions that occur within cells

Question 9

integumentary system

Answer 9

skin ; encloses the body as a whole to protect internal organs from drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, and external environment chemicals. Synethesizes Vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands

Question 10

(4) Survival needs

Answer 10

nutrients, water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature + pressure

Question 11

11 organ systems?

Answer 11

integumentary system, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic (immune), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 12

skeletal system

Answer 12

Includes; bones and joints
protects and supports body organs, provides framework that muscles use to cause motion.
-Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals

Question 13

muscular system

Answer 13

allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat

Question 14

nervous system

Answer 14

Includes: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

control system of body, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands

Question 15

endocrine system

Answer 15

includes: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thryoid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and ovary
System containing glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Question 16

cardiovascular system

Answer 16

includes: heart
system where blood vessels transport blood that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. heart pumps the blood

Question 17

lymphatic/immune system

Answer 17

Includes: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
picks up fluid leak from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream. Houses white bloodcells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Immune response = attack against foreign substances in body

Question 18

respiratory system

Answer 18

includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lunch, and bronchus.
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Question 19

digestive system

Answer 19

Includes: oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to cells. Indigestible foodstuff are eliminated as feces

Question 20

Urinary system

Answer 20

Includes: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

Question 21

Male Reproductive System

Answer 21

Includes: prostate, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum
Testes produces sperm and male sex hormone. Male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

Question 22

female reproductive system

Answer 22

Includes: mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube
ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. other structures are sites for fertilization and where fetus grows. Mammary glands produce milk for newborn

Question 23

homeostasis

Answer 23

dynamic state of equilibrium - keeping body within relatively narrow limits. Controlled by negative and positive feedback

Question 24

components of all homeostatic control mechanisms?

Answer 24

(1) receptor - sensor that monitors environment and responds to stimuli and sends info (input) to the
(2) control center via afferent pathway. Control center determines the set point and takes input and decides response, then info (output) goes to
(3) effector via efferent pathway. Effector provides means for control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. The results of response then feedback to influence the effect of the stimulis (process enhances or shuts off)

Question 25

negative feedback mechanisms

Answer 25

output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity (opposite direction of change). this is the majority of how body is controlled

Question 26

positive feedback mechanisms

Answer 26

response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated (cascades)

Question 27

homeostatic imbalance

Answer 27

disturbance in homeostatic (typically leads to disease)

Question 28

Anatomical position

Answer 28

body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward (thumbs out)