Human Body: Orientation Flashcards
Anatomy?
Study of the structure of boyd parts
Physiology
study of function of the body
Levels of structural organization of the body?
Chemicals > Cell > Tissue > organ > organ system > organismal level
tissue
groups of similar cells with common function
organ
discrete structure with at least 2 types of tissues
organ system
organs that work together for common purpose
(8) Functions needed for life?
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur within cells
integumentary system
skin ; encloses the body as a whole to protect internal organs from drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, and external environment chemicals. Synethesizes Vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands
(4) Survival needs
nutrients, water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature + pressure
11 organ systems?
integumentary system, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic (immune), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
skeletal system
Includes; bones and joints
protects and supports body organs, provides framework that muscles use to cause motion.
-Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals
muscular system
allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat
nervous system
Includes: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
control system of body, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
endocrine system
includes: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thryoid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and ovary
System containing glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism
cardiovascular system
includes: heart
system where blood vessels transport blood that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. heart pumps the blood
lymphatic/immune system
Includes: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
picks up fluid leak from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream. Houses white bloodcells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Immune response = attack against foreign substances in body
respiratory system
includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lunch, and bronchus.
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
Includes: oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to cells. Indigestible foodstuff are eliminated as feces
Urinary system
Includes: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
Male Reproductive System
Includes: prostate, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum
Testes produces sperm and male sex hormone. Male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
female reproductive system
Includes: mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube
ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. other structures are sites for fertilization and where fetus grows. Mammary glands produce milk for newborn
homeostasis
dynamic state of equilibrium - keeping body within relatively narrow limits. Controlled by negative and positive feedback
components of all homeostatic control mechanisms?
(1) receptor - sensor that monitors environment and responds to stimuli and sends info (input) to the
(2) control center via afferent pathway. Control center determines the set point and takes input and decides response, then info (output) goes to
(3) effector via efferent pathway. Effector provides means for control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. The results of response then feedback to influence the effect of the stimulis (process enhances or shuts off)
negative feedback mechanisms
output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity (opposite direction of change). this is the majority of how body is controlled
positive feedback mechanisms
response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated (cascades)
homeostatic imbalance
disturbance in homeostatic (typically leads to disease)
Anatomical position
body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward (thumbs out)
