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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chp. 3 - Part 2, The Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Chp. 3 - Part 2, The Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • “cell forming material” - cellular material between the PM and the nucleus
  • the site of most cellular activities
  • consists of: cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
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2
Q

cytosol

A

viscous, semitransparent fluid to which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
mix of water and dissolved proteins, salts, sugars, and other solutes

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3
Q

inclusions

A

are insoluble molecules including glycogen, granules, pigments, lipids, vacuoles, and crystals that are in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

organelles

A

metabolic machinery of the cell.

Each organelle carries out a specific function

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Energy house
  • Thread-like membraneous organelle with an inner membrane (cristae) that folds and is shelf-like and a smooth outer membrane
  • Have their own DRA, RNA, and ribosomes and can reproduce themselves (binary fission) - probably evolved from bacteria
  • Passed in humans through female
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6
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • granules made of proteins and ribosomal RNAs
  • Free or membrane-bond (and can switch between the two)
  • have a top and a bottom
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7
Q

free ribosomes

A

float freely in cytosol

make soluble proteins that function in cytosol and those imported into mitochondria/other organelles

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8
Q

membrane-bound ribosomes

A

ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesize proteins to be part of PM, inside lysosomes or for export

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • system of interconnected membranous channels
  • continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus
  • contains half of a cell’s membranes
  • Rough & Smooth
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10
Q

Rough ER (RER)

A
  • studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins mean for PM/export
  • once ribosomes make their way through membranes of Rough ER, goes to Golgi apparatus for further processing
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11
Q

Smooth ER (SER)

A

-continuos with Rough ER and consists of tubules arranged in looping network
-site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis
-lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
-drug detoxification
-in skeletal and cardiac cells, stores and releases calcium (other than this most body cells have very little smooth ER
^Other than these most body cells have very little, if any smooth ER

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12
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • stacked and flattened membranous sacs with tiny membranous vesicles surrounding (the stacks are not connected).
  • This is the packaging and processing center of the cell for proteins
  • modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER into 3 different types of ‘final transport vesicles’ (pathway A, B, or C)
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13
Q

Pathway A final transport

A

secretory vesicles/granules containing proteins destined for export migrate to PM and discharge their content from cell via exocytosis
aka - exit pathway

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14
Q

Pathway B Final Transport

A

vesicles containing lipids & transmembrane proteins destined for PM or other membranous organelles
aka - membrane pathway

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15
Q

Pathway C Final Transport

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes are packaged into membranous lysosomes that remain in the cell (where they wait until cell needs these enzymes)
aka - storage pathway

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16
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • like smaller lysosomes, these are membranous sacs containing enzymes, most importantly oxidases and catalases
  • these help detoxify substances or neutralize them, like free radicals (toxic, highly reactive byproducts of cellular metabolism)
  • also play a role in energy metabolism by breaking down and synthesizing fatty acids
  • heavily present in macrophages (type of white blood cell)
17
Q

oxidases + catalases

A
  • enzymes within peroxisomes.

- oxidases uses O2 to convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide, which the catalases then coverts to water

18
Q

Lysosome

A
  • disposal site of the cell
  • spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes
  • lysosome membrane contains H+ pumps that gather hydrogen ions from cytosol maintaining the organelles acidic pH (good for breaking down wastes)
  • Functions:
    1. digest harmful particules brought in via endocytosis
    2. degrade dead/non functional cells / organelles
    3. glycogen breakdown and relese
    4. breaking down bone to release Ca+ ions in blood
19
Q

Autolysis

A
  • process of cell eating itself (esp dead cells)

- start with lysosome

20
Q

Endomembrane system

A 
membranous organelles (ER, golgi, secretory vescioles, lysosomes, peroxisomes) + nuclear membrane + PM that work together to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules and degrade harmful substances
^The system is either structurally connected or arise via forming/fusing transport vesicles with a membrane
21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-AKA Cell skeleton
-network of rods running through cytosol that link rods to other cell structures
3 Types:
1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules

22
Q

microfilaments

A
  • smallest element of cytoskeleton
  • semi-flexible thin strands of the actin protein
  • The dense web of these in a cell is the terminal web, which attaches to inside side of PM strengthening cell surface, resists compression, and transmits force during cellular movement
23
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • the middle-sized element of cytoskeleton
  • tough, insoluble rope-like, made of the tetramer (4) fibrils
  • most stable and permanent of the cytoskeleton elements and have high tensile strength
  • attach to desmosomes acting like internal guy-wires resisting pulling forces on the cell
24
Q

microtubles

A
  • the largest element of cytoskeleton
  • hollow tubes made of tubulin (spherical protein subunits)
  • come from the centrosome
  • determine overall shape and distribution of organelles in a cell
25
Q

centrosome

A
  • AKA cell center
  • region near the nucleus in cytoplasm
  • microtuble organizing center
  • contains centrioles
  • organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division
26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • barrel shaped organelles oriented at right angles that contain 9 triplets of microtubules in a many-pointed hollow start shape.
  • found in the centrosome
  • involved in development of spindle fibers during cell division
27
Q

Cilia

A
  • whiplike, cellular extensions typically in large numbers
  • they help move what’s on a cell surface in a single direction (like mucus in respiratory tract)
  • having sweeping motion -power stroke and recovery stroke
  • form from centrioles (basal bodies)
28
Q

flagella

A
  • propels a cell
  • only the spem cells has this
  • made from centrioles (basal bodies)
29
Q

basal bodies

A

the centrioles that form the bases of cilia and flaggela. They have a 9+2 , nine doublets encircling a single pair pattern of microtubles

30
Q

microvilli

A
  • fingerlike projections over cell that increase the surface area, which is helpful where absorption is needed (kidney and intestines)
  • made of a core of bundled actin (a protein) filaments that extend into the terminal web of cell
31
Q

proteasome

A

non-membranous organelles made of multiple enzymes that remove faulty/unneeded proteins

32
Q

Tay-sachs disease

A
  • an inherited disease caused by the lack of a certain enzyme within lysosomes, causing them to swell with undigested lipids which interfere with nerve functioning.
  • symptoms include mental retardation , seizure, blindness, and death before age 5 typically
33
Q

lipid rafts

A

dynamic assemblies of proteins and lipids that float freely within the liquid-disordered bilayer of cellular membranes; serve as organizing house for cell signaling

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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