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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chp 4, Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Chp 4, Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues and the (4) basic types

A
  • group of cells with similar in structure that perform common/related function
    1. Epithelial
    2. Connective
    3. Muscle
    4. Nervous
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2
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue / Epithelium

A
  • sheet of cells that covers a body surface / lines a body cavity
  • Two forms in the body:
    1. Covering and lining epithelia - on external/internal surfaces
    2. Glandular epithelia - secretory tissue in glands
  • Main function: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory receptors
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4
Q

(5) Shared characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized Contacts
  3. supported by connective tissues
  4. avascular, but innervated
  5. regeneration
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5
Q

apical surface

A
  • the upper, free surface of epithelial tissue exposed to the body exterior or cavity of an internal organ
  • typically smooth, but can also have microvilli / cilia
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6
Q

basal surface

A
  • lower, attached side of epithelial tissue, faces inward toward the body
  • attaches to the basal lamina
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7
Q

basal lamina

A
  • adjacent to the basal surface, this is a thin support sheet that holds the basal surface to underlying cells
  • acts as a selective fiber that determines which molecules diffuse from underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium
  • upper part of the basal basement
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8
Q

Polarity of Epithelial Cells

A

-a top (apical) and bottom (basal) surface that different in structure and function

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9
Q

Specialized Contacts

A
  • epithelial cells fit closely together to form sheets (except for glandular epithelial). they are connected
  • The are connected by lateral contacts tight junctions and desmosomes.
  • Tight junctions prevent passant of material between the cells
  • desmosomes give structural support and help prevent tearing
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10
Q

Connective Tissue that supports Epithelial cells

A
  • epithelial cells rest on/are supported by connective tissue called the ‘basement membrane’
  • basement membrane is a layer of basal lamina and deep to that is the reticular lamina
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11
Q

Avascular, but innervated

A
  • epithelial tissue do not contain any blood vessels
  • they are supplied by nerve fibers
  • get nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue
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12
Q

Regeneration

A
  • epithelial cells have a high regenerative capacity (cell division - mitosis)
  • stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts
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13
Q

Classification of Epithelia (two names)

A
  • The first name is the number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
  • Second name is shape of cells or shape of apical layer if stratified
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14
Q

Shapes of Epithelial cells

A
  1. squamous - flattened and scale like
  2. cuboidal - box-like, cube
  3. columnar - tall, column-like
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15
Q

Simple epithelia

A

-single layer epithelia involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration

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16
Q

endothelium

A
  • simple squamous epithelia found in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
  • the thinness encourages the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between bloodstream and surrounding cells
17
Q

Mesothelium

A

-simple squamous epithelium that are found in serous membranes, membranes lining the ventral cavity and covering the organs in the cavity

18
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A
  • single layer with flat cells and sparse cytoplasm

- very thin and permeable, found where filtration/exchange by rapid diffusion is needed - kidneys/lungs

19
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of cuboidal cells
  • involved in secretion and absorption
  • this epithelium forms the walls of small ducts of glands and kidney tubules
20
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of column shaped epithelium cells - these are tall, closely packed cells.
  • associated with absorption and secretion
  • some have microvilli/cilia (which make it good for absorption and secretion)
  • lines digestive tract, gall bladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes
21
Q

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • columnar cells have varying heights (which makes it look stratified) but all of them rest on the basement membrane - so actually simple
  • secretes and absorbs
22
Q

stratified epithelium tissue

A
  • two or more layers of cells
  • new cells regenerate from below (old cells on top)
  • more durable than simple epithelium
  • protection is the mane role
23
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • most widespread of stratified epithelia
  • many layers
  • apical layer is squamous, with deeper layers cuboidal/columnar
  • located in areas of wear/tear like skin
  • keratinized cells - have the the tough protein keratin OR
  • non-keratinized - without keratin
24
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

A
  • pretty rare
  • found in sweat and mammary glands
  • usually only 2 layers
25
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • very limited
  • small amounts in pharynx, male urthera, and line some glandular ducts
  • only apical layer is columnar
26
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • forms lining of hollow urinary organs - bladder, ureters, urethra
  • these cells can compress/stretch, allowing more volume in the organ
  • basal layer are cuboidal/columnar
27
Q

Gland and gland classification

A
  • one ore more cells that make and secrete a product

- classified by site of product releases (endocrine/exocrine) and number of cells (unicellular/multicellular)

28
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • glands that secrete internally, like hormones
  • ductless
  • released by exocytosis into extracellular space where it can enter blood, lymphatic fluid, or to specific target organs and prompt a certain response
  • mostly multicellular with a few unicellular (part of diffuse endocrine system)
29
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • gland that secrete externally onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
  • more numerous than endocrine glands
  • these secrete into ducts
  • can by unicellular / multiceullar
30
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A
  • goblet and mucous cells
  • found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
  • both cells produce mucin, that dissolves in water forming mucous
31
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • have two parts - a duct and a secretory unit
  • usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers to gland
  • the connective tissue also forms fibrous capsule around gland and extend into the gland, dividing into lobes
  • classified by structure (simple/compound &secretory unit) and mode of secretion
32
Q

Simple vs. Compound multicellular exocrine Glands

A

Classification of multicellular exocrineglands by structure:
simple glands - unbranched duct
compound glands - branched duct

33
Q

secretory units of multicellular exocrine glands - 3 types

A
  1. tubular
  2. aveolar / acinar - sacs
  3. tubuloalveolar
34
Q

modes of secretion of multicellular exocrine glands (3)

A
  1. merocrine
  2. holocrine
  3. apocrine
35
Q

merocrine

A

multicellular exocrine gland form of secretion by exocytosis

ex - sweat, pancreas

36
Q

holocrine

A
  • mode of secretion of multicellular exocrine glands where the product accumulates in duct until it ruptures releasing product and dead cell fragments
    ex. sebaceous oil glands
37
Q

apocrine

A

mode of secretion of multicellular exocrine glands
-product accumulates within duct, but only apex ruptures
not actually sure if this exists in humans, maybe mammary cells

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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