Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
Subdivisions of anatomy are….?
Gross/macroscopic, Microscopic, and Developmental
Anatomy is …..?
The study of structure
Gross/macroscopic anatomy is the study of….?
Regional, systemic and surface anatomy
Microscopic anatomy is the study of…?
Cytology, histology
Developmental anatomy is the study of…?
Embryology
How is anatomy studied?
- Through mastery of anatomical terminology
- Observation
- Manipulation
- Palpation
- Auscultation
Physiology is…?
The study of the function of the body
Subdivisions of physiology are based in…?
Organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology
Physiology often focuses on…?
The cellular and molecular level since the body’s abilities depend on chemical reactions within individual cells
How is physiology studied?
- Through the ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
- Study of basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, movement)
- Study of basic chemical principles
What is the principle if complementarity?
The principle which states that:
•Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on it’s specific form
What are the levels of structural organization in order from smallest to largest?
- Chemical -atoms and molecules and organelles
- Cellular -cells
- Tissue -groups of similar cells
- Organ -contains 2 or more types of tissues
- Organ System -organs that work closely together
- Organismal -all organ systems
What are the 8 necessary life functions?
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Dispose of wastes Reproduction Growth
Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments involves…?
Plasma membranes
Skin
Movement (contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscle) Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle which are both involuntary movement)
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
Control of breathing rate
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Catabolism and anabolism
Excretion
Removal of waste from metabolism and digestion
Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
Reproduction
Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
Growth
Increase in the size of a body part or of organism
Interdependence of Body Cells involves…?
The fact that humans are multicellular. To function, must keep individual cells alive, and all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
All body functions spread…?
Among different organ systems, and organ systems cooperate to maintain life
