Chapter 2 A&P Lecture Flashcards
Basic and Inorganic Chemistry
Anything that has mass and occupies space?
Matter
Pull of gravity on mass?
Weight
What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Solid
Which state of matter has a changeable shape; definite volume?
Liquid
Which state of matter has a changeable shape and volume?
Gas
Capacity to do work or put matter into motion?
Energy
What are the types of energy and their definitions?
Kinetic- energy in action
Potential- stored (inactive) energy
Can energy be transferred from potential to kinetic energy?
Yes
What are the forms of energy?
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Radiant or electromagnetic energy
What form or energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances?
Chemical energy
What form or energy results from movement or charged particles?
Electrical energy
What form or energy is directly involved in moving matter?
Mechanical energy
What form or energy travels in waves (e.g. visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays)?
Radiant or electromagnetic energy
Can energy be converted from one form to another?
Yes
Is energy conversion efficient?
No, because some energy is “lost” as heat (partly unusable energy)
Matter is composed of?
Elements
True or False: Elements cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.
True; elements CANNOT be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.
What are the unique properties of an element?
Physical properties and Chemical Properties
Define physical properties
Physical properties are detectable with our senses or are measurable.
Define Chemical properties
Chemical properties are how atoms interact (bond) with one another.
What are the unique building blocks for each element?
Atoms
What gives each element its physical and chemical properties?
Atoms
True or False: Atoms are the smallest particles of an element with properties of that element.
True: Atoms are the smallest particles of an element with properties of that element.
What is an atomic symbol?
One or Two letter chemical shorthand for each element often the first letter of the element’s name.
What are the 4 elements that make up 96.1% of body mass?
Carbon -C
Hydrogen -H
Oxygen -O
Nitrogen -N
What re the 9 elements that make of 3.9% of body mass?
Element: Atomic Symbol: Calcium Ca Phosphorus P Potassium K Sulfur S Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Iodine I Iron Fe
What are the trace elements (found in very minute amounts) found in the body?
Chromium Cr Copper Cu Fluorine F Manganese Mn Silicon Si Zinc Zn
What are atoms composed of?
Subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
Which subatomic particle orbits the nucleus in the electron cloud?
Electrons
What makes of almost the entire mass of the atom?
The nucleus
Do neutrons or protons carry a charge?
Protons, which have a positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge.
What is the mass of a neutron?
Neutron mass = 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
Proton mass = 1 amu
What charge does an electron have when in orbitals within electron cloud?
Electrons carry a negative charge
What is the mass of an electron when in orbitals within electron cloud?
1/2000 (0 amu)
Are the number of protons usually equal to electrons?
Yes, they are equal in an atom of an element.
Which model of an atom is depicted with probable regions of greatest electron density (an electron cloud) and is useful for predicting chemical behavior of atoms?
The Orbital Model - current model used by chemists
Which model of an atom incorrectly depicts a simplified and fixed circular electron paths?
Planetary model -used for illustrative purposes in textbooks only and is outdated with the onset of the Orbital model.
What determines what an element IS?
The number of protons, the atomic number of an element. 47 protons will Always be Silver.
How is a mass number determined?
By adding the total number of Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. This is the total mass of an atom.
How is the mass number depicted?
Written as superscript to left of atomic symbol
Ex. 7th power Li
The number of protons in the nucleus is the …?
Atomic number
How is the atomic number depicted?
Written as subscript to left of atomic symbol
Ex. tiny 3 below the line Li
What is a structural variation of atoms?
Isotopes
How do isotopes differ from their original element?
They differ in the number of neutrons they contain, and their atomic numbers remain the same while their mass number is different
What are heavy isotopes that decompose to more stable forms and can be detected with scanners?
Radioisotopes
What is the term for spontaneous decay?
Radioactivity
What is the atomic symbol for Carbon?
C
What is the atomic symbol for Hydrogen?
H
What is the atomic symbol for Oxygen?
O
What is the atomic symbol for Nitrogen?
N
What is the atomic symbol for Phosphorous?
P
What is the atomic symbol for Sulfur?
S
What is the atomic symbol for Calcium?
Ca
What is the atomic symbol for Iron?
Fe
What is the atomic symbol for Sodium?
Na
What is the atomic symbol for Potassium?
K
What is the atomic symbol for Chlorine?
Cl
What is the atomic symbol for Magnesium?
Mg
What is the atomic symbol for Chromium?
Cr
What is the atomic symbol for Iodine?
I
What is the atomic symbol for Cobalt?
Co
What is the atomic symbol for Fluorine?
F
What is the atomic symbol for Vanadium?
V
What is the atomic symbol for Selenium?
Se
What is the atomic symbol for Manganese?
Mn
What is the atomic symbol for Copper?
Cu
What is the atomic symbol for Zinc?
Zn
What is the atomic symbol for Silicon?
Si
What is the atomic symbol for TIn?
Sn
What is the atomic symbol for Molybdenum?
Mo
A stable atom has the same number of…?
Protons and electrons
of protons determines an element’s…?
Atomic Number
An atom that has either gained or lost electrons is called?
An ion
An atom that has gained electrons is called?
A negative ion/Anion
An atom that has lost electrons is called?
A positive ion/cation
2 or more of the same kind of atoms joined by chemical bonds?
Molecules
2 or more of different types of atoms proportions designated by a chemical formula is called
A compound
An atom that has gained electrons is called?
The electron acceptor which is now a negative ion/Anion
An atom that has lost electrons is called?
The electron donor which is now called a positive ion/cation
What makes the nucleus positively charged overall?
Because protons are positively charged and neutrons have not charge.
The number of protons is always equal to the # of electrons in an atom, so the atomic # indirectly tells us the # of _____ in the atom as well.
Electrons
To figure out the number of protons, look at the ?
Bottom subscript, the atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons.
To figure out the number of electrons, look at the
Bottom subscript, the atomic number since in a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are the same number.
How to figure out the number of neutrons?
Subtract the top number (mass number) from the bottom number (atomic number) to find the number of neutrons.
What are elements that have the same number of protons (and electrons), but differ in the # of neutrons they contain?
Isotopes
Elements shown on the periodic table usually represent
The most abundant types/forms of an element.
What subatomic particle does not change in isotopes?
The number of protons the element has, otherwise, Carbon would not be Carbon, for example.
What is another way that isotopes can be written?
Carbon : C-14 to represent the mass number instead of the top subscript.
How many neutrons does the carbon isotope C-12, C-13, and C-14 have, respectively when Carbon has 6 protons?
C-12 has 6 neutrons,
C-13 has 7 neutrons,
C-14 has 8 neutrons
Subtract the atomic mass from the atomic number to find the number of neutrons.
What is the definition of a “molecule of an element”
A molecule that has more than one of the same element such as 2 Oxygen atoms comboned, shown as O2 or 8 Sulpfur atoms: S8 (the number is a bottom subscript).
When two more more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bind…
…they form a compound such as H2O or CH2
Just as an atom is the smallest particle of an element, a molecule is the smallest particle of a
Compound. Compounds are therefore chemically pure.
What is the definition of a “molecule of an element”
A molecule that has more than one of the same element such as 2 Oxygen atoms combined, shown as O2 or 8 Sulfur atoms: S8 (the number is a bottom subscript).
3 types of mixtures are
Solutions, Colloids, Suspensions
When two or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bind…
…they form a compound such as H2O or CH2
Define hetergenous mixture
A mixture that contains dissimilarities in different areas of the mixture. Randomly selected areas would differ from other areas of the mixture.
The substance found in the greatest amount within a mixture is called?
The solvent.
The substance in smaller amounts of the mixture/
The solute.
In the body, most Solutions are ___?
True solutions containing gases, liquids and solids dissolved in water. Usually transparent that do not scatter light e,g. atmospheric air or saline solution.
If glucose is dissolved in blood, the glucose would be the ____ and the blood would be the ____.
Solute
Solvent
Concentration of true solutions can be expressed as:
Percent of solute in total solution (assumed to be water)
Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)
Molarity, or moles per liter (M)
Percent of solute in total solution (assumed to be water)?
Parts solute per 100 parts solvent
Molarity, or moles per liter (M)?
1 mole of an element or compound = Its atomic or molecular wight (sum of atomic weights ) in grams
1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd power molecules of that substance (Avogadro’s number).
A mixture that is hetergenous with large solute particles that do NOT settle out
Colloids a,k,a Emulsions.
Some undergo sol-gel transformations e.g. cytosol during cell divison.
A mixture that is heterogenous and has large visible solutes that settle out.
Suspensions such as blood
Mixture or Compound? No chemical bonding between components.
Mixture
Mixture or Compound? Chemical bonding between components.
Compound
Mixture or Compound? Can be separated by physical means such as straining or filtering
Mixture
Mixture or Compound? Can be separated only by breaking bonds
Compounds
Mixture or Compound? can be either Hetergenous or homogenous.
Mixture
Mixture or Compound? All all homogenous
Compound
Nuclear attraction is strongest between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons.. where/
The closer the electrons are located to the nucleus, the stronger the pull toward it. The further it is away from the nucleus, the more likely it is to chemically interact with other atoms.
Define the rule of eights.
The outermost shell, called the valance shell, is not stable until it has 8 electrons.
What makes an atom chemically inert?
If the valence shell has 8 electrons. Noble gasses such as helium and neon are inert.
Most ionic compounds are ____?
Salts. When dry salts form crystals instead of indie molecules. Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
What happens to the two ions after electron transfer?
They become attracted to each other since they are now oppositely charged, and combine to form an ionic bond such as Sodium chloride.
What happens to the two ions after electron transfer?
They become attracted to each other since they are now oppositely charged, and attract to form an ionic bond such as Sodium chloride.
A bond formed when two or more electrons are shared between atoms to achieve stability.
Covalent bond.
The type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally, and produces electrically balanced, nonpolar molecules such as CO2
Nonpolar covalent bonds. They always appear linear and symmetrical
The type of covalent bond that is the unequal sharing of electrons which produces polar (aka dipole) molecules such as H2O
Polar covalent bonds. The molecules always look v-shaped bc it has 2 poles of charge - a slightly more negative oxygen end and a slightly more positive hydrogen end.
Small atoms with 6 or 7 valances shell electrons which create a strong electron attracting ability are _______?
Electronegative e.g. oxygen
Most atoms with 1 or 2 valance shell electons which create a weaker ability to attract and often cause them to lose electrons are _______
Electropositive e.g. sodium
The type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally, and produces electrically balanced, nonpolar molecules such as CO2, and always appear linear and symmetrical.
Nonpolar covalent bonds.
Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
Hydrogen bond
Bond which does not offer a true bond but acts mostly as intramolecular bonds, holding a large molecule in a 3D shape. Commonly between dipoles such as water.
Hydrogen bond
A chemical reaction that is constructive is called
Anabolic
A chemical reaction that is destructive is called
Catabolic
What happens in an exergonic reaction?
Energy is liberated
What happens in an endergonic reaction?
Energy is absorbed
If reaction conditions remain unchanged, all chemical reactions eventually reach a state of
Chemical equilibrium
What are some things that increase reaction rate?
Higher temp
Presence of catalysts
The smaller the reacting particles are
What is the single most abundant compound in the body which absorbs and releases heat slowly, acts as a universal solvent, participates in chemical reactions, and cushions body organs?
Water
