human biome Flashcards
microbiommania
over selling- new craze
microbiome
“the entire habitat, including the micro-organisms (bacteria, archaea, eurkaryotes, and viruses), their genomes (i.e., genes), and the surrounding environmental conditions”- not just in the gut, skin, lung, nose
microbiota
“a microbial community, including
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and
viruses, which occupy a given
habitat” microflora-refers to plants- so our is only microbiota
metagenomics
“Metagenomics is the process used to characterize the metagenome (genes from microbiota), from which information on the potential function of the microbiota can be gained.”
how many bacteriac our in our gut
30-400 trillion bacteria (1014) 500 species per individual 3 million bacterial genes Biomass of 2 kg A new organ system
what are the difffrent types of bacteria
Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria
, Actinobacteria,Firmicutes
what factors shape the microbiota
diet! genetics, antibiotics, geography
what happenes when the baby is born
in birth canal they get the microbiota orally lots of diversity, if c-section then they get the microbiota of the hospital
why should we breastfeed
prebiotic- stillmulate bifido bacteria
milk vs formula
milk:MajorPhyla(BF): Bacteroides Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Steptococcoccu formula: MajorPhyla(FF): Bacteroides Bifidobacterium Staphylococcus Escherichiacoli Clostridium
what do solids do to babies gut
Increasedspecies diversity Increased butyrate producing bacteriatobreak downCHO MajorPhyla: Bacteriodetes & Firmicutes Bifidobacterium& Lactobacillusspeciesdecrease
by age 3 what happens
By3yearsofagethegutmicrobiotaresemblesthestable microbiomeofanadult MajorPhyla: Bacteriodetes & Firmicutes Increasingbutyrate producingbacteriato breakdownCHO Dietstrongly influencesthe microbiota presentinthe
what happens in the elderly
Themicrobiomesofolderadultsappeartoadoptapro‐inflammatorystatewithincreased
potentialforDNAdamageandimmunecompromise. also lose of taste and smell
what factors impact the microbiota
Antibioticshaveaprofoundimpactonthemicrobiota- could lead to obesity trend. Thebacterialcompositionofthemicrobiotaisinfluencedbymedicationsingested
what are the environmental influences
Jakesays…havingadog,andtheresultingexposuretoadiversemicrobial
community,cansignificantlyshapethecompositionofourmicrobial
community- dogs protect
all the deseases begin in the gut
ColorectalCancer Type2Diabetes CardiovascularDisease NAFLD C.DifficileInfection Atopiceczema
how can we change our microbiota
Diet DietaryPatterns Fermented Foods Fiber ResistantStarch Probiotics Prebiotics Yogurt Supplements Inulin FOS GOS
what is the western diet doing to our gut
The Western diet alters the intestinal microbiota promoting a lowgrade chronic inflammation in the gut
what does fiber do
Fiber results in dramatic shifts in the
microbiota
what are probiotics
“Live micro-organisms that,
when administered in adequate
amounts, confer a health
benefit on the host”
when taking antibiotic-
TAKE PROBIOTIC
Isthereabenefitforthehealthypersonto
supplementwithprobiotics?
“Atthispointitisn’tpossibletotellconsumerswhich
strainstolookforonthelabel,butthemoretypesof
probioticsaproductcontains,thebetterthechanceitwill
havepositiveeffects.”
what is the target intake
Rationale
Supplementationofthedietwithprebioticscanpromote
growthofspecificmembersoftheresidentgutmicrobiota,
stimulatingSCFAproduction,reducingpHandthushelping
pathogenexclusion.
Target Intake – 10 g/day
out of all the fermented food we can only say probiotics are found in
yogurt- we cant say yet
what do fermented foods do
Healthbenefitsof“traditional”fermentation:
Enhanceproteinquality
Enhancebioavailabilityofvitaminsandminerals
Antioxidantcapacity
Productionofnovelbioactivecompoundscapableof
producingbeneficialimmune,glycemic,andanti‐
inflammatoryactivities
what are diet tips to maintain a healthy gut microbiome
Incorporatefoodproductsthatcontainliveandactivecultures,
suchasfermentedfoods
Supplementwithprobiotics
Increasefruit&vegetableconsumption
Addmorefiber– specificallyprebioticfibersandresistant
starch– consumptionofdiethighnon‐digestibleCHO
Limitconveniencefoodsandprocessed/refinedfoodproducts
(?emulsifiers).
Decreaseintakeofanimalprotein/animalfat
