human biome

Question 1

microbiommania

Answer 1

over selling- new craze

Question 2

microbiome

Answer 2

“the entire habitat, including the
micro-organisms (bacteria, archaea,
eurkaryotes, and viruses), their
genomes (i.e., genes), and the
surrounding environmental
conditions”- not just in the gut, skin, lung, nose

Question 3

microbiota

Answer 3

“a microbial community, including
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and
viruses, which occupy a given
habitat” microflora-refers to plants- so our is only microbiota

Question 4

metagenomics

Answer 4

“Metagenomics is the process used
to characterize the metagenome
(genes from microbiota), from which
information on the potential function
of the microbiota can be gained.”

Question 5

how many bacteriac our in our gut

Answer 5

 30-400 trillion bacteria
(1014)
 500 species per
individual
 3 million bacterial genes
 Biomass of 2 kg
A new organ system

Question 6

what are the difffrent types of bacteria

Answer 6

Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria

, Actinobacteria,Firmicutes

Question 7

what factors shape the microbiota

Answer 7

diet! genetics, antibiotics, geography

Question 8

what happenes when the baby is born

Answer 8

in birth canal they get the microbiota orally lots of diversity, if c-section then they get the microbiota of the hospital

Question 9

why should we breastfeed

Answer 9

prebiotic- stillmulate bifido bacteria

Question 10

milk vs formula

Answer 10

milk:MajorPhyla(BF):
Bacteroides
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus
Steptococcoccu
formula: MajorPhyla(FF):
Bacteroides
Bifidobacterium
Staphylococcus
Escherichiacoli
Clostridium

Question 11

what do solids do to babies gut

Answer 11

 Increasedspecies
diversity
 Increased
butyrate
producing
bacteriatobreak
downCHO
MajorPhyla:
Bacteriodetes &
Firmicutes
Bifidobacterium&
Lactobacillusspeciesdecrease

Question 12

by age 3 what happens

Answer 12

By3yearsofagethegutmicrobiotaresemblesthestable
microbiomeofanadult
MajorPhyla:
Bacteriodetes &
Firmicutes
Increasingbutyrate
producingbacteriato
breakdownCHO
Dietstrongly
influencesthe
microbiota
presentinthe

Question 13

what happens in the elderly

Answer 13

Themicrobiomesofolderadultsappeartoadoptapro‐inflammatorystatewithincreased
potentialforDNAdamageandimmunecompromise. also lose of taste and smell

Question 14

what factors impact the microbiota

Answer 14

Antibioticshaveaprofoundimpactonthemicrobiota- could lead to obesity trend. Thebacterialcompositionofthemicrobiotaisinfluencedbymedicationsingested

Question 15

what are the environmental influences

Answer 15

Jakesays…havingadog,andtheresultingexposuretoadiversemicrobial
community,cansignificantlyshapethecompositionofourmicrobial
community- dogs protect

Question 16

all the deseases begin in the gut

Answer 16

ColorectalCancer
Type2Diabetes
CardiovascularDisease
NAFLD
C.DifficileInfection
Atopiceczema

Question 17

how can we change our microbiota

Answer 17

Diet
DietaryPatterns
Fermented
Foods
Fiber
ResistantStarch
Probiotics Prebiotics
Yogurt
Supplements
Inulin
FOS
GOS

Question 18

what is the western diet doing to our gut

Answer 18

The Western diet
alters the intestinal
microbiota
promoting a lowgrade
chronic
inflammation in the
gut

Question 19

what does fiber do

Answer 19

Fiber results in dramatic shifts in the

microbiota

Question 20

what are probiotics

Answer 20

“Live micro-organisms that,
when administered in adequate
amounts, confer a health
benefit on the host”

Question 21

when taking antibiotic-

Answer 21

TAKE PROBIOTIC

Question 22

Isthereabenefitforthehealthypersonto

supplementwithprobiotics?

Answer 22

“Atthispointitisn’tpossibletotellconsumerswhich
strainstolookforonthelabel,butthemoretypesof
probioticsaproductcontains,thebetterthechanceitwill
havepositiveeffects.”

Question 23

what is the target intake

Answer 23

Rationale
Supplementationofthedietwithprebioticscanpromote
growthofspecificmembersoftheresidentgutmicrobiota,
stimulatingSCFAproduction,reducingpHandthushelping
pathogenexclusion.
Target Intake – 10 g/day

Question 24

out of all the fermented food we can only say probiotics are found in

Answer 24

yogurt- we cant say yet

Question 25

what do fermented foods do

Answer 25

Healthbenefitsof“traditional”fermentation:
 Enhanceproteinquality
 Enhancebioavailabilityofvitaminsandminerals
 Antioxidantcapacity
 Productionofnovelbioactivecompoundscapableof
producingbeneficialimmune,glycemic,andanti‐
inflammatoryactivities

Question 26

what are diet tips to maintain a healthy gut microbiome

Answer 26

 Incorporatefoodproductsthatcontainliveandactivecultures,
suchasfermentedfoods
 Supplementwithprobiotics
 Increasefruit&vegetableconsumption
 Addmorefiber– specificallyprebioticfibersandresistant
starch– consumptionofdiethighnon‐digestibleCHO
 Limitconveniencefoodsandprocessed/refinedfoodproducts
(?emulsifiers).
 Decreaseintakeofanimalprotein/animalfat