Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition 321 > energy dri > Flashcards

energy dri Flashcards

1
Q

EER

A

EER = Estimated Energy Requirement
– Average dietary energy that is predicted to maintain energy
balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight,
height and level of physical activity (sedentary, low activity,
active, very active) consistent with good health (therefore, no
EER for overweight/obese)
– Calculated using prediction equations for normal-wt
individuals using data on total daily energy expenditure (TEE)
measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

EER VS EAR

A 
Differs from EAR in that it is not a distribution
of intakes (bell curve) reflecting physiological
variability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which E—– is not designed to be used for ppl trying to lose weight

A

EER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the components of energy expenditure

A

Physical Activity Allowance
Thermic Effect of Food (ignored)
BMR (measured/predicted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is BMR

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): energy needed to
sustain metabolic activities of cells and tissues
plus maintain blood circulation, respiration, GI &
renal function while awake, in a fasting state,
and resting comfortably.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RMR

A

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): energy
expenditure under resting conditions. Somewhat
higher than BMR due to recent food intake or
recent activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TTE

A

• Total Energy Expenditure (TEE): sum of basal
energy expenditure, thermic effect of food,
physical activity, thermoregulation, and energy
expended in depositing new tissues and
producing milk (lactation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which is more accurate- energy intake, energy expenditure

A

energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the problem with FFQ

A

not accurate, says nothing about portion but it useful when trying to determine frequency of food group- fat, fruit, veg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is 24 h recal- what are the concerns

A

forget, portions sizes, lie- shame (underreporting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are food records

A

a diary of food consumed- proplem is you can forget, dont write everything down (shame) problem with portion sizes (underestimate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

food weighing

A

might change what you would normally eat because on the scale it looks to big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

whats another way that you can mesure energy intake

A

direct observation- follow you around and watch what you eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a problem with measuring food in a cafeteria

A

ppl share food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is more frequent - under or over reportign

A

under
Limitation: reported energy intakes in dietary
surveys underestimate usual intake (can range
from 10-45% below actual intake)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the problem with energy expenditure

A

over reporting but less error than energy intake because of direct or indirect calorimetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is 3. Measurement of EE by Doubly Labeled Water (DLW)

A

• Used to set EER
• Relatively new technique in humans
– However, proposed and developed by Lifson (1950-1960s) for use in
small animals
• Adapted and now extensively used in humans (Schoeller et al.,
1986)
• Uses stable isotopes H2
18O and 2H2O
–
2H2O (2 neutrons so is heavier) relates to water flux
– H2
18O relates to water flux plus carbon dioxide production
– These isotopes also can be used independently to measure TBW using
the principles of dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the DLW approach

A
  1. Subject drinks known amount of the 2 stable isotopes of
    water
    • Isotopes mix with the body’s water
  2. Sample periodically (over 3 weeks) a body fluid (i.e., urine or
    blood) to measure disappearance of isotopes
    •
    2H2O is lost from the body only as water
    • H2
    18O is lost from the body in water and as C18O2
  3. The difference between the 2 disappearance rates is an
    index of body’s CO2 production
  4. Predict TEE from a measurement of CO2 production
    • Knowledge of composition of the diet
    • Use standard indirect calorimetric techniques (RQ = ratio of
    CO2 produced and O2 consumed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

wht is the advantage of the DLW

A

Allows measurement of energy output under
normal, everyday conditions
• Represents patterns of energy expenditure
over several days
• Reflects differences in BMR during the day
and night/sleep
• Includes the energy cost of all physical
activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LITTLE 018 left means what

A

the person has been fairly active- get an accurate mesure of energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the down side of AWL

A

EXTREMLY EXPENSES AND VERY FEW HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT AND USUALLY ON UNHERALTHY INDIVIDUALS (FAT OR DESEASES) OR EXTREME HEALTHY PPL LIKE ASTRONAUTS OR ATHLETES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Steps in the Development of EER

Equations

A

Decision to base recommendations on DLW
data
2. Obtain raw data from published studies in
humans using DLW
3. Define inclusion and exclusion criteria (AGE, WEIGHT)
4. Create, clean and document database
5. Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics
6. Create physical activity level (PAL) intervals
7. Develop predictive equations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHAT CRIETERIA IN NOT INCLUDED

A

over weight bmi, remove elite group- Studies manipulating energy intake or
expenditure
• Elite groups: soldiers, astronauts, athletes
• Individuals with a very high activity rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the strenghs and limitations of BMI

A

BMI
– Strengths
• Recognized link to health outcomes
• Reflects relationship of weight and height
• Good population data in US and other countries
– Limitations
• Not best indicator of body adiposity
• Cut-offs may not be valid across populations
• Some difficulty in defining cut-off points in children and
across populations/countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Physical Activity Level

A

PAL = ratio of TEE:BEE
• Categories defined as:
– Sedentary (PAL ≥ 1.0 < 1.4): activities of daily living
– Low active (PAL ≥ 1.4 < 1.6): ADLs plus 30-60 min
daily moderate activity
– Active (PAL ≥ 1.6 < 1.9): ADLs plus at least 60 min
daily moderate activity
– Very active (PAL ≥ 1.9 < 2.5): ADLs plus at least 60
min daily moderate activity plus an additional 60 min
vigorous activity or 120 min moderate activity

26
Q

what is the equation for eer:

A

– Women age 19 and over:
EER = 354 – [6.91 x age(y)] + PA x [9.36 x wt(kg) + 726 x ht(m)]
Where
PA = 1.0 if PAL “sedentary” (1.00-1.39)
PA = 1.12 if PAL “low active” (1.40-1.59)
PA = 1.27 if PAL “active” (1.60-1.89)
PA = 1.45 if PAL “very active” (1.90-2.50)
the range number becomes the pa

27
Q

how is the old RDAs different (1989) from the EER (2002)

A

the 2002 is less because in1982 there was an overestimation

28
Q

body composition

A

SPECIFIC BODY COMPARTMENTS
• Investigating body composition involves
subdividing body weight into 2 or more
compartments ( fat and lean) according to elemental,
chemical, anatomical, or fluid
compartments

29
Q

what are the physical dimensions

A
  • Weight
  • Height e.g., standing (stature), sitting
  • Length e.g., recumbent length, (infants) arm span, knee (estimate of total height when your old and what your height should be- what they were)
  • Breadth e.g., wrist, elbow (frame size -big bone little bone)
  • Circumferences e.g., head (infants for growth curves), waist, hip (0.8 compared to wait- gives them the pear shape), mid-arm

gives us clues on body comp and health

30
Q

2 tipes of fat

A

adipose(stored) and in other parts like cell membrane

31
Q

2 Compartment Model

A

body fat
– fat-free mass (FFM)
• FFM = body wt – body fat (fat mass); LBM = body wt – adipose fat
• LBM includes essential fat (e.g., cell membrane fat)
• often FFM = LBM in literature

32
Q

Compartment

A

aqueous
– mineral
– protein (muscle)
– fat

33
Q

6 Compartment Chemical Model (Brozek et al. 1963)

A 
aqueous - includes ECW (edema), ICW (intracellular water goes up by muscle mass or pregnancy)-this can mesure someones health and track how treatments is going
– mineral - osseous
 - extraosseous
– organic - glycogen (negligible)
 - protein
 - fat
34
Q

Elemental Model

A

body weight consists of 11 elements which comprise >99% of body
weight in living subjects
i.e., C, N, Ca, Na, Cl, K, H, P, O, S, Mg

35
Q

SPECIFIC BODY COMPARTMENTS

A

Total fat, regional fat, fat-free mass (FFM), regional
FFM, muscle (e.g., ptn, K), total body water (TBW),
extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW),
bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content
(BMC), elemental composition (e.g., N Ca P Mg Na Cl)

36
Q

how many statistical treatments of data are their

A

4: low accuracy, low precison (red flag and you now know your doing something wrong)
high accuracy low precision: doing it right but just not very precise
low accuracy, high precision: most dangerous because all your data is telling you youre doing it right but you are off
high accuracy high precision: the best

37
Q

how can weight be a anthropometry uses

A 
Weight
• Useful for extremes
– 300 lbs or 80 lbs for an adult female
– 140 lbs ???
• Monitoring change
– sudden gains or losses in weight
38
Q

how can height be a anthropometry uses

A

Height
• Useful for “stunting”
– indicator for undernutrition
– nutrient deficiencies e.g., Zn

39
Q

Estimating shared variance

A

square of the CC (r2) represents the proportion of
variance in one variable accounted for by the other
i.e., coefficient of determination
e.g., x (height); y (weight); r = 0.7
r2 = 0.49 or 49% (means there is a good relation, example if blue eyes and expenditure have a realtion of 0)
– Therefore, 49% of the variability of weight can be accounted for
by height
– other 51% accounted for by other factors (tendency to eat fatty
foods, resistance training ↑ muscle mass)
– remember, “variability” refers to how scores are spread out about
the mean

40
Q

CORRELATION AND CAUSATION

A

Rule: High correlation between 2 variables does not
necessarily imply causal relationship
e.g., smoking (x) and lung damage (y)
high +ve correlation could mean:
1. x causes y
2. y causes x
3. a 3rd variable causes both x and y (e.g., stress)
4. the correlation occurred by chance
- use correlations as a source for subsequent hypothsis

41
Q

antropometric uses

A

• Height-Weight Tables
– Guideline Tables
• Weight for Height
• Age-Specific Weight Standards
– Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1983) (changed from 1959 to 1999 due to more reseach on what was a healthyer weight)
• Includes “frame size”
Height-Weight Indices
• Relative weight (only- this age for this sexe) (i.e., Devine Formula)
– (actual wt / reference wt) x 100%
– Interpretation: <90% underweight, 90 - <110% normal weight,
110 - <120% overweight, >120% obese
• Body Mass Index (i.e., Quetelet’s Index)
– wt/ht2
• CDC Growth Charts (we use WHO TO BE MORE DIVERSE with all the immigrants we get)(children)
– percentiles - weight, length, wt for ht, BMI for age
… many others

42
Q

Body Fat Distribution

A

Waist to Hip Ratio
- measure waist at mid-point between inferior margin
of ribs & iliac crest
• men > 1.0
• women > 0.8
Skinfold Measurements
– Various sites and predictive equationsTriceps
• Common: biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac
• Percentile Charts
– e.g., tricep skinfold( a good mesure of undernutrition and wouldnt have to do all the other mesures)

43
Q

body composition uses

A

• Compartment Analysis
– Normality (compare to standards)
– Change over time (bone density compared over time)

44
Q

10mmol/l- 180mg/dl !!!!! know the conversion

A

!

45
Q

Hypoglycemia:

A

blood glu levels below normal (< fasting blood
glu level; 5 mmol/L, 90 mg/dL)
eg, hypersecretion of insulin

46
Q

when your fasted

A

increase glucagon, less insulin
more release of glycogen
increase in glucocorticoid (cortisol)hormone production
increased gluconeogenesis

47
Q

answer for the test

A

clear, concise, correct

48
Q

WHAT ARE THE PROPRITIES WHEN YOU ARE FED

A 
monosaccharides (glu)
↓
energy (1)
glycogen (2)
FAs (3)
pentose phosphate pathway (4)
(hexosemonophosphate shunt)- needs to make ribose
49
Q
  1. Immediate Energy

Glucose Oxidation

A

↑ glucose uptake into cells
↓
↑ glycolysis and PDH (glu & glycogen)
↓
↑ TCA cycle → ↑ substrate flux (acetyl CoA)

50
Q

lactic acid

A

we dont produce it we produce lactate- pH of 7

51
Q

steps in glucose oxidation

A 
1. glycolysis:
glu → 2 pyruvate → (2 lactate – if anaerobic)
2. pyruvate dehydrogenase
(thiamine pyrophosphate)
pyruvate → acetyl CoA
3. TCA/Kreb’s/citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA → TCA cycle
→ 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP
→ energy (heat, ATP)
-Most ATP is derived from oxidation of
NADH+H+ (3 ATP rounded up) and
FADH2
(2 ATP rounded up) via etransport
chain
52
Q

The PDH Complex

A 
• The complex uses five coenzymes.
• Three are prosthetic groups - covalently
bound to their enzymes.
– TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
– Lipoamide
– FAD
• Two are transiently associated with the
complex.
– CoA
– NAD+
/NADH
53
Q

what can go wrong in enzymes

A

they are proteins anf need a genetic code for transcription so if ithe code is wrong the enzyme might not work - could die- can be treated by diet if it is an inborn error in metabolism

54
Q

what does the krebs cycle produce

A 
The yield for every turn of
the cycle is 2CO2
, 3NADHs,
1FADH2
, and 1GTP
55
Q

3 ATP rounded up) and
FADH2
(2 ATP rounded up) via etransport
chain

A

remember

56
Q

The Energy Yield

A 
• O2
is the ultimate acceptor of the
electrons generated from the oxidation
of pyruvate.
• For every acetate entering the TCA
cycle:
– NADH → 2.5 ATP(X 3)
– FADH2 → 1.5 ATP
→1.0 GTP
Total = 10 molecules of ATP/acetate
but had to ohosphorilate glucose or fructose so had to invest atp
ney yield 30
57
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol of the mitochondria

58
Q

Replenishment of glycogen

glycogenesis

A

glu → glu 6-P → glu 1-P →
UDP-glu (large n) → glycogen
- where UDP - uridine 5’-diphosphate
- stimulated by insulin
- each gram of glycogen is stored with 3-4 g of H2O
- muscle and liver storage capacity is limited
muscle glycogen: main fn, quick available nrg source
liver glycogen: main fn, reserve → blood glucose

59
Q
  1. Conversion to Fat (triglyceride)
A

glu → pyruvate (glycolysis) → acetyl CoA → FAs
- FA storage limited in liver, unlimited in adipose
Triglyceride: compact storage form of energy
1. stored with little H2O (0.15 g H2O per g fat)
2. highly hydrogenated - more nrg (ATP)
1 mol (256g) palmitic acid (16:0) when completely [O]
↓
CO2 + H2O + 129 ATP [2.5x that of glucose (180g)]

60
Q

what happens to fat in the liver

A

the liver produced triglycerides and its packaged in a lipoprotein- VLDL
only happens if there is a huge surplus (not doing exercise

nutrition 321 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions