Human Biology (ATP and cellular respiration)

Question 1

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Conversion of organic molecules (food you eat), into a form of energy suitable for use by the cell (ATP energy).

Question 2

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

Answer 2

Aerobic and Anaerobic.

Question 3

Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration equations.

Answer 3

Aerobic respiration requires energy.
Glucose + Oxygen —–> Carbon Dioxide + 38 ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 ———> CO2 + up to 38 ATP

Anaerobic respiration does not require energy.
Glucose ———> Lactic Acid + 2 ATP

Question 4

What is the ATP cycle and its process

Answer 4

The cyclic transformation of ATP to ADP and then back again to ATP. This cycle can be repeated over and over again.

ADP to ATP:

1. Breakage of glucose releases energy
2. 60% of energy is released as heat
3. 40% is used to bring phosphate molecules to ADP to form ATP.
4. The energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate molecules.

ATP to ADP:

1. When the cell requires energy it breaks off the 3rd phosphate molecule releasing the energy.
2. The breakage of the 3rd phosphate returns it to ADP.

Question 5

What can ATP be used for?

Answer 5

• Movement of Organelles
• Active Transport
• Cytosis

Question 6

Stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 6

1. Glycolysis (Breakage of Glucose form 2 ATP)
2. Krebs cycle (Coenzyme breaks into CO2 and 2 ATP)
3. Electron Transport System (Leftover molecules go to mitochondria and form up to 34 ATP)

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

Location: Cytoplasm

Process:
1. 1 glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid/pyruvate molecules producing 2 net ATP.
( Pyruvic acid contains 3 carbons (C6 H12 O6))

2. The 2 pyruvate then breaks into 2 acetyl coenzyme A in the presence of oxygen.

Question 8

Krebs Cycle

Answer 8

Location: Mitochondria

1. The acetyl coenzyme A then enters into the mitochondria, which is where the Kerbs cycle occurs.
2. The carbon atoms from acetyl CoA then are released into the form of CO2. Producing 2 ATP.

Question 9

Electron Transport System

Answer 9

Location: Inner membrane of the Mitochondrion

1. The remaining molecules enter the inner membrane, where up to 34 ATP molecules can be made. The molecules are broken down into 6 molecules of water and 6 molecules of CO2.

Question 10

Amount of ATP produced in Aerobic

Answer 10

38 ATP: 2 from Glycolysis, 2 from the Kerbs cycle, and up to 34 from Electron Transport System.

Question 11

Why does anaerobic Respiration occur

Answer 11

When there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur, and energy is needed faster.

Question 12

Stages of Anaerobic respiration

Answer 12

1. Glycolysis (Brekage of Glucose forms 2 ATP)
2. Fermentation (Since there is no oxygen, the pyruvate does not continue to the Krebs cycle, and fermentation occurs)

Question 13

Fermentation

Answer 13

The two pyruvate molecules formed form glycolysis convert into lactic acid, and no ATP is produced.

Question 14

Amount of ATP produced in Anaerobic

Answer 14

2 ATP from Glycolysis

C6H12O6 ——–> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP