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class cards > Human Bio Assessment one. > Flashcards

Human Bio Assessment one. Flashcards

Memorize terms and execute them correctly.

1
Q

atoms + atoms =

A

molecules

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2
Q

smallest functioning unit of an organism

A

cell

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3
Q

organ

A

composed of several tissue types

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4
Q

Organ system

A

group of organs that work together
for a common purpose

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5
Q

Organism

A

collection of organ systems

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6
Q

Species

A

a group of interbreeding organisms

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7
Q

Population

A

the members of one species in a
particular area

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8
Q

Community

A

interacting populations

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

community of populations interacting
with the physical environment

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10
Q

Biosphere

A

all of the Earth’s ecosystems

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11
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work
- eating provides energy

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

a constant internal environment

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13
Q

blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Homeostasis would be impossible to maintain without

A

ability to respond to stimuli.

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15
Q

reproducing

A

passing on genetic material

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16
Q

growth

A

changes in size and/or number of cells

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17
Q

development

A

all changes from fertilization to death

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17
Q

Mutations

A

variations of genes

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18
Q

neutrons

A

neutral/uncharged particles

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19
Q

protons

A

positively charged

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20
Q

electrons

A

negative charge

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21
Q

compounds

A

molecules made up of different atoms

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22
Q

Ionic bond

A

attraction between + and - ions

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23
Q

Double covalent

A

share 2 pairs of electrons

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24
Q

Triple covalent

A

share 3 pairs of electrons

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25
Q

most abundant molecule

A

Water

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26
Q

polar molecule

A

when electrons are not shared evenly

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27
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

attraction between + hydrogen and - oxygen & nitrogen

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28
Q

are hydrogen bonds strong?

A

no, think of magnet.

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29
Q

great solvent

A

water

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30
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules cling through hydrogen bonds

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31
Q

adhesion

A

water molecules cling to surfaces

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32
Q

frozen water

A

less dense, causing water to expand

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33
Q

Acids

A

dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)

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34
Q

Bases

A

take up hydrogen ions, releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)

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35
Q

buffer

A

changes/adjust pH to maintain homeostasis.

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36
Q

4 major organic molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

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37
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecule
carbon back bone

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38
Q

glucose

A

most common and used as an immediate energy source in body.

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39
Q

disaccharides

A

made of 2 monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction

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40
Q

fiber

A

plant complex carbohydrate.

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41
Q

Triglycerides

A

one glycerol, 3 fatty acids
energy storage, insulation

42
Q

fats

A

animal origin
solid @ room temp

43
Q

oils

A

plant origin
liquid @ room temp

44
Q

Fatty acids

A

-long chains of carbons and hydrogens
-16-18 carbons
-can be saturated or unsaturated

45
Q

Saturated (tri)

A

-no double bond
-saturated w/ carbon
-solid @ room temp

46
Q

unsaturated (tri)

A

-1+ double bond
-hydrogen “missing”
-liquid @ room temp
-bend in carbon chain

47
Q

Trans fat

A

man made + bad for you

48
Q

contributed to heart disease

49
Q

Phospolipids

A

one fatty acid is replaces by a polar phosphate group

50
Q

Steroids

A

lipids made of 4 fused carbon rings

51
Q

proteins support

A

nails, hair, skin

52
Q

protein enzymes

A

speed up chemical reactions

53
Q

protein transport

A

carry oxygen to different reactions

54
Q

protein defense

A

bind to antigens and destroy

55
Q

protein hormones

A

Chemical messenger

56
Q

protein motion

A

allow parts of cell to move and muscles to contract

57
Q

Amino Acids

A

-subunits of proteins
-r group gives unique properties

58
Q

Denaturation

A

amino acids fold together under extreme heat or ph

59
Q

Nucleic acid

A

-polymers of nucletides
-store information
-contains info for life (DNA)
-Chemical reactions (RNA)

60
Q

DNA

A

-Store genetic information
-helix protects from damage

61
Q

RNA

A

Message functions

62
Q

adenine binds with

63
Q

cytosine binds with

64
Q

ATP

A

-High energy source
-sugar backbone
-held together by energy bond

65
Q

when ATP is broken

A

releases energy that can be used in other chemical reactions.

65
Q

Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)

A

Lack a nucleus.
* Include two groups of bacteria: eubacteria and
archaebacterial

65
Q

Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)

A
  • Have a nucleus.
  • Include animals, plants, fungi, protists.
65
Q

plasma membrane

A

surrounds the cell.
Made of a phospholipid bilayer that is selectively
permeable

66
Q

selectively
permeable

A

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

67
Q

cytoplasm

A

the semifluid substance inside the cell

68
Q

Diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules
from a higher* concentration to a lower*
concentration

69
Q

net
movement

A

high to low concentration.

70
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules;
from high to low water concentration

71
Q

Hypotonic

A

solutions have fewer solutes.
* Cells swell and can burst (lysis)

72
Q

Hypertonic

A

solutions have more solutes.
* Cells shrink (crenation)

73
Q

Facilitated transport

A

molecules moving across plasma membrane from higher to lower concentration.

74
Q

passive transport

75
Q

protein transport

A

are specific and only specific molecules.

76
Q

active transport

A

transport from low to high concentration

77
Q

pump

A

protein carrier

78
Q

endocytosis

A

transports molecules or cells into cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to vesicle.

79
Q

nucleus contains

A

DNA in the form of chromatin, and chromosomes when cell is dividing.

80
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane around the nucleus

81
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in nuclear envelope. allows passage of substances in and out

82
Q

ribosomes

A

Made of rRNA
sites of protein synthesis

83
Q

mitochondrion

A

double membrane
convert energy in glucose into ATP
can fuse into each other.

84
Q

Endomembrane System

A

compartmentalize the cell and transport substances through the cell.

85
Q

cytockeleton

A

protein fibers that maintain the shape of the cell.
anchor and move organelles in cell

86
Q

cytockeleton, 3 fibers

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
actin filaments

87
Q

microtubules

A

shape and movement

88
Q

intermediate filaments

A

strength and cell anchoring

89
Q

actin filaments

90
Q

cilia and flagella

A

-made of microtubules
-movement of materials along the plasma membrane or cellular movement

91
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

-A protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides.
-Surrounds the cell that produces it.
-Contains collagen, which resists stretching, and elastin, which provides resilience.

92
Q

Adhesion junctions

A

attach cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

93
Q

Tight junctions

A

produce a barrier

94
Q

Gap junctions

A

two channels fuse, allowing
communication between the cells

95
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

when an end product
interacts with an enzyme early on

95
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur in the body

95
Q

Metabolic pathways

A
  • begin with particular reactant and end with final product
    -each step is a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme
  • converted into products, they become products for next reaction.
96
Q

enzymes in metabolism

A

help reactions to produce at an efficient rate.

97
Q

enzymes

A

speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

98
Q

Active site

A

area of the enzyme where the substrate binds

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