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Grade 12- Semester One > Human Bio > Flashcards

Human Bio Flashcards

1
Q

explain the role of ADH in regulating water balance, urine volume, blood pressure, and urine concentration

A

if the concentration of H20 decreases in the blood, the hypothalamus will signal the pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood. the blood will carry it to the kidneys. ADH goes to the collecting ducts of the nephron to reabsorb h20 by osmosis. Urine volume decreases and the uribe would have less H20—> urine concentration. Blood pressure increases.

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2
Q

when you are dehydrated, does the pituitary gland produce more or less ADH

A

less

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3
Q

how does the hormone aldosterone help balance sodium ions in the blood

A

increases sodium ion reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney’s nephrons

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4
Q

explain how the parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

low calcium ion concentration stimulates the parathyroids to secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions on extracellular fluids by increasing the activity of osteoclast in the blood

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5
Q

how does breathing regulate an acid-base balance in the blood?

A

the excess CO2 reacts with water to form additional carbonic acid, leveling blood pH. Increasing the rate of breathing allows more CO2 to be exhaled, which reduces blood levels of carbonic acid and adjusts the pH upward

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6
Q

write out the chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer systems in acidic and basic conditions

A

acidic(increase in pH): H^+ + HCO3^- –> H2CO3

Basic (decrease in pH): H2CO3 –> H^+ + HCO3 ^-

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7
Q

write out the chemical equations for the phosphate buffer system in acidic and basic conditions

A

acidic(increase in pH) H^+ + HPO4^(-2) –> H2PO4^-

Basic (decrease in pH) : H2PO4 –> H^+ + HPO4^(-2)

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8
Q

write out the chemical equations for the protein buffer system in acidic and basic conditions

A

acidic: -NH2 + H^+ –> -NH3^+
basic: -COOH –> -COO+H^+

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9
Q

explain why some molecules are able to dissolve in water

A

the charges of the various molecules attract and combine H2O is polar and separates the ions in some molecules

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10
Q

what are two types of dialysis and how are they different

A

hemodialysis- blood is filtered outside of the body via a machine
peritoneal - dialysis fluid enters the bloodstream via a catheter

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11
Q

LOOK AT THE GRAPHS THAT DJ GAVE ME

A

YEAH DO IT DO IT DO IT

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12
Q

what are at least 2 different functions of the kidney

A

filtering blood and water reabsorption

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13
Q

about how many nephrons are in each kidney? how often do they filter all the blood in the body?

A

one million, every 45 mins

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14
Q

list 4 steps to filteration done by kidney

A
  1. renal artery brings blood into the glomerulus
  2. fluid passes from the blood through the capillaries and into the Breman capsule
  3. water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins are filtered from the blood.
  4. kidneys, filter blood every 45 mins
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15
Q

what is reabsorption

A

process in which most of the water and nutrients are returned to the blood; urine remains and is emptied into the collecting duct.

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16
Q

what % of water that enters Bowmans capsule is reabsorbed by the blood

A

99%

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17
Q

what are kidney stones. how can you treat them?

A

crystallized calcium, magnesium and uric acid salts and the urine. treated using ultrasound waves

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18
Q

how do your kidneys respond to an increase in salt concentration in the blood

A

absorbs more water, excrete more salt

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19
Q

electrolytes

A

a compound that dissolves in water to form ions

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20
Q

ions

A

an atom with a charge; cation and anion

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21
Q

balance

A

a state of equilibrium in which the quantities entering the body equal the quantities leaving it

22
Q

solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances; it consists of a solvent and a solute

23
Q

solute

A

dissolved insolvent

24
Q

strong electrolyte

A

good conductor of electricity and molecules are completely ionized

25
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

does not conduct electricity because no ions are present in the solution; each molecule stays together

26
Q

weak electrolyte

A

poor conductor of electricity because only a few ions are present in the solution; incompletely ionized.

27
Q

Base

A

pH is above 7- increases oH- ions in H20

28
Q

acid

A

pH is less that 7- increases h+ ions in h20

29
Q

neutralization reactions

A

reactions between strong acids and strong bases

30
Q

acid base buffer systems

A

sets of chemical reactions that occur in body fluids to maintain a particular pH

31
Q

dehydration

A

water output exceeds water intake

32
Q

acidosis

A

value below 7.35

33
Q

alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

34
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

increase in carbon dioxide concentration, which increases carbonic acid

35
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

when you have too much carbon dioxide, which results in loss of carbonic acid

36
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of h20

37
Q

intracellular fluid compartment

A

fluid in cells

38
Q

extracellular fluid compartment

A

fluid outside cells

39
Q

transcellular fluid

A

types of extracellular fluid; cerebral simple fluid, surrounds spinal cord and brain

40
Q

renal artery

A

brings blood with waste to the kidney

41
Q

renal vein

A

brings clean, filtered blood to the heart from the kidney

42
Q

afferent arteriole

A

brings blood to the glomerulus

43
Q

efferent arteriole

A

brings blood away from the glomerulus

44
Q

venule

A

brings clean, filtered blood to the renal vein

45
Q

ureter

A

a tube that leaves each kidney carrying urine to the urinary bladder.

46
Q

urinary bladder

A

a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted

47
Q

nephron

A

blood filtering unit in renal cortex

48
Q

renal medulla

A

inner part of kidney

49
Q

renal cortex

A

outer part of kidney

50
Q

glomerulus

A

a network of capillaries in the upper end of nephron

51
Q

bowmans capsule

A

cup-shaped structure around glomerulus

52
Q

loop of henle

A

section of nephron

Grade 12- Semester One (10 decks)

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