Human Bio Flashcards
explain the role of ADH in regulating water balance, urine volume, blood pressure, and urine concentration
if the concentration of H20 decreases in the blood, the hypothalamus will signal the pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood. the blood will carry it to the kidneys. ADH goes to the collecting ducts of the nephron to reabsorb h20 by osmosis. Urine volume decreases and the uribe would have less H20—> urine concentration. Blood pressure increases.
when you are dehydrated, does the pituitary gland produce more or less ADH
less
how does the hormone aldosterone help balance sodium ions in the blood
increases sodium ion reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney’s nephrons
explain how the parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in the blood
low calcium ion concentration stimulates the parathyroids to secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions on extracellular fluids by increasing the activity of osteoclast in the blood
how does breathing regulate an acid-base balance in the blood?
the excess CO2 reacts with water to form additional carbonic acid, leveling blood pH. Increasing the rate of breathing allows more CO2 to be exhaled, which reduces blood levels of carbonic acid and adjusts the pH upward
write out the chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer systems in acidic and basic conditions
acidic(increase in pH): H^+ + HCO3^- –> H2CO3
Basic (decrease in pH): H2CO3 –> H^+ + HCO3 ^-
write out the chemical equations for the phosphate buffer system in acidic and basic conditions
acidic(increase in pH) H^+ + HPO4^(-2) –> H2PO4^-
Basic (decrease in pH) : H2PO4 –> H^+ + HPO4^(-2)
write out the chemical equations for the protein buffer system in acidic and basic conditions
acidic: -NH2 + H^+ –> -NH3^+
basic: -COOH –> -COO+H^+
explain why some molecules are able to dissolve in water
the charges of the various molecules attract and combine H2O is polar and separates the ions in some molecules
what are two types of dialysis and how are they different
hemodialysis- blood is filtered outside of the body via a machine
peritoneal - dialysis fluid enters the bloodstream via a catheter
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what are at least 2 different functions of the kidney
filtering blood and water reabsorption
about how many nephrons are in each kidney? how often do they filter all the blood in the body?
one million, every 45 mins
list 4 steps to filteration done by kidney
- renal artery brings blood into the glomerulus
- fluid passes from the blood through the capillaries and into the Breman capsule
- water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins are filtered from the blood.
- kidneys, filter blood every 45 mins
what is reabsorption
process in which most of the water and nutrients are returned to the blood; urine remains and is emptied into the collecting duct.
what % of water that enters Bowmans capsule is reabsorbed by the blood
99%
what are kidney stones. how can you treat them?
crystallized calcium, magnesium and uric acid salts and the urine. treated using ultrasound waves
how do your kidneys respond to an increase in salt concentration in the blood
absorbs more water, excrete more salt
electrolytes
a compound that dissolves in water to form ions
ions
an atom with a charge; cation and anion
balance
a state of equilibrium in which the quantities entering the body equal the quantities leaving it
solution
a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances; it consists of a solvent and a solute
solute
dissolved insolvent
strong electrolyte
good conductor of electricity and molecules are completely ionized
nonelectrolyte
does not conduct electricity because no ions are present in the solution; each molecule stays together
weak electrolyte
poor conductor of electricity because only a few ions are present in the solution; incompletely ionized.
Base
pH is above 7- increases oH- ions in H20
acid
pH is less that 7- increases h+ ions in h20
neutralization reactions
reactions between strong acids and strong bases
acid base buffer systems
sets of chemical reactions that occur in body fluids to maintain a particular pH
dehydration
water output exceeds water intake
acidosis
value below 7.35
alkalosis
pH above 7.45
respiratory acidosis
increase in carbon dioxide concentration, which increases carbonic acid
respiratory alkalosis
when you have too much carbon dioxide, which results in loss of carbonic acid
osmosis
diffusion of h20
intracellular fluid compartment
fluid in cells
extracellular fluid compartment
fluid outside cells
transcellular fluid
types of extracellular fluid; cerebral simple fluid, surrounds spinal cord and brain
renal artery
brings blood with waste to the kidney
renal vein
brings clean, filtered blood to the heart from the kidney
afferent arteriole
brings blood to the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
brings blood away from the glomerulus
venule
brings clean, filtered blood to the renal vein
ureter
a tube that leaves each kidney carrying urine to the urinary bladder.
urinary bladder
a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted
nephron
blood filtering unit in renal cortex
renal medulla
inner part of kidney
renal cortex
outer part of kidney
glomerulus
a network of capillaries in the upper end of nephron
bowmans capsule
cup-shaped structure around glomerulus
loop of henle
section of nephron
