Biology - Joint Movements

Question 1

osteocyte

Answer 1

bone cell surrounded by matrix

Question 2

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of…

Answer 2

red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 3

The microscopic bony chambers that house mature bone cells are called

Answer 3

lacunae

Question 4

the salt that form tiny crystals in the intercellular matrix of bone tissue consist largely of

Answer 4

calcium phosphate

Question 5

which of the following bones is not included within the lower limb

Answer 5

ulna

Question 6

the joints between the vertebrae of the backbone are best described as

Answer 6

slightly movable

Question 7

which of the following is NOT included in the appendicular skeleton

Answer 7

vertebral column

Question 8

what are the cells responsible for removing excess bone tissue after the fracture repair process called?

Answer 8

osteoclasts

Question 9

which of the following increases the risk of developing osteoporosis?

Answer 9

low intake of dietary calcium, lack of physical exercise, frequent use of alcohol

Question 10

true or false- the appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true or false- vitamin D is needed for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine

Answer 11

true

Question 12

true or false- osteocytes become osteoblasts when they are completely surrounded by bony matrix

Answer 12

false

Question 13

what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Answer 13

yellow bone marrow stores fat. Red bone marrow occupies the cavities of bone for infants. over time this is replaced by yellow bone marrow. red bone marrow also creates red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 14

what are the 4 functions of bone

Answer 14

support and protect organs, body movements (bone and muscles interact as levers), blood cell formation, storage of inorganic salts

Question 15

what is a joint

Answer 15

union of two or more bones

Question 16

what are the 3 types of joint (and define them)

Answer 16

fibrous- between bones of skull- no movememnt
cartilaginous- between bodies of vertebrae- some movement
synovial- lots of movement

Question 17

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 17

ball and socket- shoulder
conclyoid- between metacarpals and phalanges
gliding- wrists and ankles
hinge- elbow
pivot- ulna
saddle- between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Question 18

intramembranous vs. endochondral + examples

Answer 18

intramembranous- originate sheetlike layers of connective tissue
endochondral bones- begin as masses of cartilage that bone tissue later replaces

Question 19

steps of how a bone repairs itself after a fracture

Answer 19

1. blood escapes from broken vessel and form a blood clot
2. spongy bone forms close to developing blood vessels
3. bony callus replaces fibrocartilage/spongy bone
4. osteoclasts remove extra bone tissue and restore new bone structure

Question 20

the impulse that triggers a contraction travels deep into a muscle

Answer 20

transverse tubules

Question 21

a sarcomere is best described as

Answer 21

a unit within a myofibril

Question 22

myofibrils are composed primarily of

Answer 22

actin + myosin

Question 23

neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles

Answer 23

motor neuron endings

Question 24

during muscles relaxation, the enzyme cholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

Answer 24

decompose

Question 25

a muscle cramp is likely due to a lack of

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

a motor unit includes

Answer 26

several muscle fibers and one motor neuron

Question 27

Rigor mortis that occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death is due to

Answer 27

lack of ATP, which prevents muscle relaxation

Question 28

when a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse

Answer 28

there is a reduction in caprillary networks, the number of mitochondria decreases, the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases

Question 29

true or false- endomysium separates individual muscle fibers

Answer 29

true

Question 30

true or false- a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit

Answer 30

true

Question 31

during muscle contraction, calcium irons combine with tropomyosin and this exposes active sites for cross-bridge formation

Answer 31

false

Question 32

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues and the differences between them

Answer 32

cardiac- only in heart, involuntary, striated
skeletal- voluntary, striated, attached to tendon/bone
smooth- nuclei, voluntary, found in blood vessels. looks like an eye, not striated

Question 33

what is neuromuscular junction

Answer 33

the point of communication between nerve cells and muscles cells

Question 34

sliding filament theory

Answer 34

describes the process of muscle contraction

Question 35

role of ATP during muscle contraction

Answer 35

• atp turns into ADP when a phosphate group is removed

- energy is produced to release the myosin head in a position to attach to the actin filament

Question 36

main steps of muscle contraction

Answer 36

• motor neurons release acetychcyine into synoptic cleft
• acetycholine diffuses across syhoptic cleft, combines protein
• calcium binds to troponin

Question 37

what is acetylcholine and a muscle impulse

Answer 37

acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract
muscle impulse- muscle contractions triggers and nerves stimulate a muscle

Question 38

6 main steps of muscle fiber relaxation

Answer 38

1. enzyme decomposes
2. calcium ions are transported
3. atp causes a link between actin and myosin
4. troponin/tropomyosin interact to block binding on actin
5. muscle fibers relax
6. repeat

Question 39

what is malignant hyperthermia

Answer 39

severe reaction to drugs used for anesthesia

Question 40

what do the I band look like

Answer 40

lighter part

Question 41

A band

Answer 41

darker part

Question 42

sarcomere

Answer 42

all bands - two dark and two light

Question 43

2 line

Answer 43

line in between?