Human Aspects of Cardiovascular & Renal Pharmacology

Question 1

Labelatol

Answer 1

Alpha-1, beta-1/2-receptor antagonist (more so beta than alpha)

Question 2

Sodium nitroprusside

Answer 2

Metabolised to NO used in hypertensive emergencies (hydrolyses to cyanide in solution)

Question 3

Pindolol

Answer 3

Mild partial beta-receptor agonist

Question 4

Amyl nitrate

Answer 4

Nitrovasodilator

Question 5

Nicotinic acid

Answer 5

Inhibits liver triglyceride production & VLDL secretion when used in large doses

Question 6

Ranolazine

Answer 6

Inhibits late phase sodium current in cardiac myocytes used in angina

Question 7

Minoxidil

Answer 7

Potassium channel opener used as an antihypertensive

Question 8

Glyceryl trinitrate

Answer 8

Nitrovasodilator used to treat angina, especially in acute attacks
Poorly absorbed from stomach so taken sublingually

Question 9

Flecainide

Answer 9

Class IC antidysrhythmic used for treatment of patients with anomalous conducting pathways

Question 10

Isosorbide dinitrate

Answer 10

Nitrovasodilator used to treat angina

Much be converted by liver to isosorbide mononitrate

Question 11

Doxazosin

Answer 11

Alpha-1-receptor antagonist

Question 12

Cholestyramine

Answer 12

Anion exchange resin which inhibits bile acid reuptake

Question 13

Hydralazine

Answer 13

Arteriolar vasodilator, mechanism unknown

Question 14

Trimetaphan

Answer 14

Ganglionic blocker (the first antihypertensive agents) give IV for rapid effect
Block all ganglionic transmission and were quickly superseded

Question 15

Moxonidine

Answer 15

I-1-receptor agonist used as an anti-hypertensive (fewer side effects than alpha-1-receptor agonists)

Question 16

Alpha-methylnoradrenaline

Answer 16

False transmitter of NA, centrally acting antihypertensive

Produced from alpha-methyldopa

Question 17

Simvastatin

Answer 17

Statin: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used in ischaemic heart disease or ‘high risk’ groups

Question 18

Ivabradine

Answer 18

Acts on HCN channels, inhibiting the f-current

Used to treat angina (may be helpful in stable angina)

Question 19

Sirolimus

Answer 19

Immunosuppressant used in drug-eluting stents to prevent neointimal proliferation

Question 20

Phentolamine

Answer 20

Non-selective alpha-receptor antagonist

Question 21

Guanfacine

Answer 21

Alpha-2-receptor agonist - used to treat hypertension

Question 22

Rosiglitazone

Answer 22

PPAR-gamma agonist increasing LXR expression and thus ABCA1 expression
Currently used in type II diabetes

Question 23

Paclitaxel

Answer 23

Anti-cancer drug which interferes with microtubular growth used in drug-eluting stents to prevent neointimal proliferation

Question 24

Bisoprolol

Answer 24

Beta-1-receptor antagonist used as an antihypertensive

Question 25

Nicorandil

Answer 25

ATP-Potassium channel opener which can be used in angina to protect against ischaemic injury

Question 26

Clofibrate

Answer 26

Stimulate lipoprotein lipase: decrease VLDL (& LDL) levels

Question 27

Ezetimibe

Answer 27

Binds & blocks cholesterol transporter, inhibiting uptake in the intestine
Circulates enterohepatically so is delivered repeatedly