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2 - MODA > Cardiovascular & Renal Pharmacology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Renal Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - inhibits NaHCO3 reabsorption

Weak diuretics only used in glaucoma & to acclimatise to high altitudes

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2
Q

Saralasin

A

Angiotensin II partial agonist but doesn’t match up to other antihypertensives because it’s a peptide

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3
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Inhibits ADP-binding to its receptor on platelets inhibiting aggregation
Combined with low dose oral aspirin reduces mortality/morbidity in a range of heart diseases

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4
Q

Amiloride, Triamterene

A

Potassium-sparing diuretics
Block apical Na channels
Diuresis weak but K-loss reduced

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5
Q

Problems with loop/thiazide diuretics

A

Hypokalaemia and resulting metabolic alkalosis
Increased Mg loss (Ca loss increased with loop, decreased in thiazide)
Decreased uric acid excretion potentially leading to gout

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6
Q

Tirofiban

A

Non-peptide inhibitor of alpha-IIb-beta-3-integrin (responsible for fibrinogen bridging between platelets)
Used to prevent MI in unstable angina or after certain types of MI

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7
Q

Theophylline

A

Non-selective PDE inhibitor and adenosine receptor antagonist have positive ino/chronotropic effects

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8
Q

Diltiazem

A

Benzothiazepine - blocks L-type calcium channels from the outside

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9
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone receptor antagonist

Metabolised in liver to canrenone, salt: potassium canrenoate acts as a potassium-sparing diuretic

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10
Q

Eptifibatide

A

Cyclic heptapeptide inhibitor of alpha-IIb-beta-3-integrin (responsible for fibrinogen bridging between platelets)

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11
Q

Losartan

A

Non-peptide AT-1 receptor antagonist blocking angiotensin II function

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12
Q

Nifedipine

A

Dihydropyridine - blocks L-type calcium channels

Binding modified by benzothiazepines

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13
Q

Alteplase, duteplase

A

Single chain/double chain recombinant tissue plasminogen activators
Greater activity on plasminogen bound to fibrin localising its activity

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14
Q

Class II antidysrhythmics

A

Beta-blockers: Propranolol, Atenolol

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15
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta-1-receptor agonist (inotropic>chronotropic) given IV in shock, to increase CO after open heart surgery and in heart failure without hypertension

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16
Q

Class IV antidysrhythmics

A

Calcium channel blockers - verapamil

17
Q

Bisoprolol, carvedilol

A

Third-generation B-1-receptor antagonists limit effects of chronic SNS stimulation in congestive heart failure

18
Q

Abciximab

A

mAb against the receptor binding the vitronectin receptor

Used with coronary angioplasty for coronary artery thrombosis

19
Q

Furosemide, Bumetanide

A

Loop diuretics - very powerful
Effects reduced on repeated administration
Block NKCC in TAL, furosemide also a venodilator

20
Q

Anistreplase

A

Combined plasminogen and anisoylated streptokinase

Streptokinase inactive until anisoyl group is removed giving prolonged activity

21
Q

Class I antidysrhythmics

A

Block voltage-gated sodium channels:
1A: Quinidine, Procainamide
1B: Lidocaine
1C: Flecainide

22
Q

Aminocaproic acid, Tranexamic acid

A

Inhibit plasminogen activation to prevent excessive clot lysis
Chemically similar to lysine

23
Q

Verapamil

A

Phenylalkylamine - blocks L-type calcium channels from the outside

24
Q

Rivaroxaban

A

Inhibits factor Xa (first of its kind)

Prophylaxis after knee/hip surgery

25
Q

Digoxin, Digitoxin, Ouabain

A

Cardiac glycosides: block Na/K-ATPase

26
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic filtered but not reabsorbed at all

Useful in cerebral oedema (reduce ICP) and where urine flow reduced due to excessive reabsorption

27
Q

Streptokinase

A

Activates plasminogen

28
Q

Levosimendan (& pimobendan - vets)

A

New class of inodilators - calcium sensitisers
Increase calcium sensitivity binding efficiency without increasing energy demand
Inhibits PDE III giving its peripheral vasodilatory effects

29
Q

Class III antidysrhythmics

A

Prolong AP and therefore refractory period: Amiodarone

30
Q

Dabigatran

A

Inhibits thrombin

Used in atrial fibrillation with one other stroke risk factor & after knee/hip surgery

31
Q

Milrinone

A

Inodilator most often used in heart failure especially short-term in severe failure unresponsive to conventional therapy - inhibits PDE-III

32
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide, Bendroflumethiazide

A

Thiazide diuretics

Block Na/Cl co-transport in TAL/DT, in long term also have vasodilator effects

33
Q

Captopril, Enalapril

A

ACE inhibitors reducing pre/afterload (TPR)

Used in heart failure and hypertension

34
Q

Warfarin

A

Inhibits synthesis of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) & regulatory factor proteins (C, S & Z)
Used prophylactically from recurrence or with prosthetic valves

35
Q

Heparin

A

Naturally occurring anticoagulant in mast cells/basophils
Activates antithrombin III which inhibits thrombin & factor Xa
Used prophylactically (during/after surgery) & in DVT
Must be injected

2 - MODA (8 decks)

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