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Human and Social Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a living organism?

A

An individual form of life, such as bacterium, fungus, plant or animal is composed of a single cell or a complex of cells in which organs work together to carry out the various processes of life.

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2
Q

Characteristics Of Living Organisms?

A

All living organisms have the ability to

  • Reproduce
  • Respire
  • Excrete
  • Move
  • Grow
  • Irritability
  • Nutrify
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3
Q

Reproduction

A

The process by which new organisms (offsprings) are formed. A living organism does not need reproduction to survive, but as a species, they need that for continuity and to ensure that they are not extinct.

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4
Q

Respiration

A

All living organisms require energy to carry out life processes. In order to do so organisms release energy stored in food molecules through a chemical process known as cellular respiration. In aerobic respiration oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide is given off.

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5
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of metabolic waste products from the body of an organism is known as excretion.

The kidneys are the main organs responsible for excretion.

Other organs also excrete waste:

  • large intestine
  • liver
  • skin
  • lungs
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6
Q

Movement

A

It is a reaction to the external/ environmental stimuli and it may involve part of the organism or the entire organism, as in most animals.

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7
Q

Growth

A

Growth is the increase in size and mass of an organism. It starts off as a cell (egg).

Multicellular organisms add more and more cells to form more tissues and organs as they grow.

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8
Q

Irritability

A

This is the ability of an organism to see and respond to changes in the environment.

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9
Q

Nutrition

A

Nutrition is the essential organic nutrients living organisms require for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and repair.

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10
Q

Categories for Cells

A

There are two main categories of cells.

  • Unspecialized
  • Specialized
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11
Q

Unspecialized Cells

A

These give rise to one or more different types of specialized cells.

For example stem cell - these are in embryos and in various tissues of an adult organism and are widely used in scientific research

From stem cells we get:

  • Nerve cells
  • Blood cells
  • Skin cells etc
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12
Q

Name the 2 types of stem cells

A
  • Adult

* Embryonic

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13
Q

These are found in the stem niche

A

Adult stem cells
These are identified in many organs and tissues.

  • Brain
  • Bone Marrow
  • Blood Vessels
  • Testis
  • Gut
  • Teeth
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14
Q

What are embryonic stem cells? Give examples

A

These are able to grow into three germ layer.

  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
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15
Q

List the parts of a plant cell.

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus
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16
Q

What is the function of each part of the plant cell.

A

Cell wall - it helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. It is a thick outer layer made up of cellulose.

  • Cell membrane- it is double layered, thin barrier surrounding the cell to control the entry and exit of certain substances.
  • Vacuole- It helps plants in maintaining it’s shape and it also stores water, food wastes **
  • Cytoplasm- Is the site, where many vital biochemical reactions take place.
  • Mitochondria- They are double membrane filamentous organelles, which play a vital role in generating and transforming energy.
  • Mitochondria play a vital role in various functions of the cell metabolism.
  • Chloroplasts- they are the site of photosynthesis.
  • Nucleus- It is the very important organelle of a cell as it controls the complete activity of a cell and also plays a vital role in reproduction.
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17
Q

List parts of the animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

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18
Q

What are microbes?

A

These are microorganisms that cannot be seen by the naked (only by the use of a microscope)

Microbes are all around us( the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the food we eat, etc

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19
Q

Types of microbes

A

There are three types of Microbes: Viruses - there are very small and can only be seen by electron microscope. Viruses are microscopic parasites, generally much smaller than bacteria. They cannot thrive and produce outside of a host body.

Bacteria - bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one cell that is found anywhere. We usually refer to them as germs.

Fungi - is any member of the group of organisms that include microorganisms such as yeast and molds.

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20
Q

Characteristics and examples of microbes

A

Characteristics of viruses - they are not made up of cells they cannot be killed by antibiotics such as penicillin

Examples of viruses - influenza, common cold, measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, smallpox, h I v, rabies

Characteristics of bacteria - bacteria grow in number, not in size, and make copies of themselves by dividing them into half

Examples of bacteria - cholera, tuberculosis, blood poisoning, pneumonia, gastroenteritis

Characteristics of fungi - they get their food from the environment, they do not take large particles of food that need to be broken down, and they digest their food outside their body using enzymes that make it soluble

Examples of fungi - mushrooms, mold

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21
Q

Types of bacteria and fungi

A

Types of bacteria:

There are three basic shapes of bacteria:

Rod-shaped bacteria called bacilli.
Spherical-shaped bacteria are called cocci.
Curved-shaped bacteria are called spirilla.
Comma-shaped bacteria are called vibrios.
Corkscrew-shaped bacteria are called spirochaetes.

Types of funguses:

Mushroom
Mold
Yeast

22
Q

Importance of microbes

A

Microbes are important because it exists everywhere. Even when the microbes are not growing one can still find tiny spores.

These spores are produced in large numbers by all microbes and are carried by air and water.

If the land on a surface is good for growth then this Spore will germinate and produce a microbe.

Many microbes are harmful. They may cause diseases in humans plants or animals they may also make food go bad.

Since microbes reproduce quickly it would not take very long for an infection to grow once it has started.

23
Q

What does Mitosis mean?

A

Mitosis is the process by which single body cells divide to form identical body cells.

24
Q

What does Meiosis means?

A

Meiosis is the process by which sex cells divide into haploid cells.

Meiosis is the process by which sex cells divide into four unidentical sex cells.

25
Q

What does IPMAT mean?

A

I - Interphase: The cell grows, performs routine life processes, and prepares to divide.
P - Prophase: Chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers begin to form.
M - Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up at the centerof the cell.
A - Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.
T - Telophase: Spindle fibers breakdown, nuclear membrane forms, and chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin.

Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides.

26
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to sugar using light as a source of energy.

Plants produce oxygen which we need for respiration. They also use carbon dioxide and water to make a huge number of substances that are in the food that we eat.

27
Q

Photosynthesis con’t

A

The process of photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. These cell structures contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to drive chemical reactions which use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars.

                              light energy and chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide + water———————————glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O—————————————-C6H12O6 + O2

28
Q

The glucose that is produced is used to make:

A

Sucrose for transport around the plant

Cellulose for making cell walls

Starch for storing energy

Fats for making cell membranes and for energy storage, e.g. in seeds.

29
Q

End products of photosynthesis

A

The end products of photosynthesis are:

ATP

Oxygen

Glucose

30
Q

Photosynthesis Con’t

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen so that it could use these reactants to respire and produce ATP (adenosine tri phosphate). Now that it has energy, it can form cellulose from glucose to make cell walls, or combine it with nitrate ions to make proteins, convert it into starch for glucose storage at a later use such as night time when there’s barely any light for photosynthesis.

31
Q

Importance of photosynthesis

A

It would be impossible to overestimate the importance of photosynthesis in the maintenance of life on Earth. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth. Most organisms would disappear, and in time Earth’s atmosphere would become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.

32
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

● Combustion - Combustion occurs when any organic material is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of carbon dioxide and water and energy.

● Respiration- respiration is a chemical process that occurs in all living cells to release energy from carbon compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

● Decomposition- decomposition is the process of breaking down or decaying organic substances.

  1. Explain the term fossil fuel.

● Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals.

Fossil fuels contain hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon which can be burned and turned into energy.

  1. State three (3) processes that add carbon dioxide to the
    environment and one that removes it.

● Three processes that can add carbon dioxide to the environment are decomposition, respiration, and burning fossil fuels, and one process that removes carbon dioxide from the environment is photosynthesis.

  1. Why is there an energy crisis?
    ● There is an energy crisis because there’s a strain on fossil fuels because of overconsumption.
  2. Energy flows, but carbon is recycled. Explain this statement.

● The statement energy flows but carbon is recycled means that energy is transferred from one living organism to another whilecarbon is recycled so there is a continuous supply to the plants in the form of carbon dioxide.

33
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the process by which

34
Q

What is Diffusion?

A
35
Q

What is Active Transport?

A
36
Q

What is ATP?

A
37
Q

What are Enzymes?

A
38
Q

How do Enzymes work?

A
39
Q

What is breathing?

A

Is the process by which air moves in and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.

40
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Is energy being released from food molecules.

41
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A

Is the aerobic catabolism of nutrients to carbon dioxide, water, and energy, and involves an electron transport system in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

42
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen. although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.

43
Q

What is Gaseous Exchange?

A

Is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the bloodstream and the lungs.

The gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli.

44
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

Is the maximum amount of air a person can inhale after a maximum exhalation.

45
Q

What is Lung Capacity?

A

Is the volume of air present in the chest after full inspiration.

46
Q

What is Inspiration?

A

An act of breathing in, an inhalation

47
Q

What is Expiration?

A

The exhalation of breath from the lungs.

48
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs when at rest.

• Measures in cm²

49
Q

What is a Spirometer?

A

An instrument used to measure someone’s vital capacity.

50
Q

The Respiratory Process

A

nose or mouth > larynx(voice box) > trachea (windpipe) > bronchi > bronchiole > alveoli [where gaseous exchange takes place and exchange O² (oxygen) CO² (carbon dioxide)].

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