Human anatomy Flashcards
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms
Anatomy
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
phsiology
specialized structures within a living cell.
organelle
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
cell
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made
tissue
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function
organ
is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
organ system
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
organism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
metabolism
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
homeostasis
the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it
negative feedback mechanisms
an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve.
receptor
a region of the brain called the hypothalamus
control center
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.
effector
the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it.
positive feedback mechanism
position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward
anatomical position
a supercilious manner or attitude.
superior
low or lower in position.
inferior
nearer the front, especially situated in the front of the body or nearer to the head
anterior
further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end, especially of the body or a part of it.
posterior
It divides the body into left and right
sagittal plane
is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse plane
divides the body into dorsal and ventral or back and front,
frontal plane
Divides the body at an angle.
oblique plane
is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall
thoracic cavity
is hardly an empty space. It contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.
abdominal cavity
is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis
pelvic cavity
line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities,
serious membranes
is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels
pericardial cavity
is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae
pleural cavity
is the continuous area between the parietal peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
is a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place
mesentery
consists of a continuous sheet of cells, one or more layers thick, which is attached to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
epithelial mambrane
Superficial epidermis composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. Also know as - skin
cutaneous membrane
Composed of epithelium and lines all body cavities that open to the exterior. Ex. hollow organs or the respiratory and digestive tracts
mucous membrae
Lines all body cavities that are closed to the exterior
serous membrane
The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and its coverings.
peritoneum
The serosa lining the lungs
pleura
The serosa surrounding the heart
pericardium
is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate
Axial skeleton
is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages
appendicular skeleton
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts
compact bone
Bone in which the spicules form a latticework, with interstices filled with embryonic connective tissue or bone marrow
spongey bone
are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility
long bones
Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement
short bones
bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
flat bones
Any of a group of bones having peculiar or complex forms, such as the vertebrae
irregular bones
the shaft or central part of a long bone
diaphysis
dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
periostuem
The line of junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone where growth in length occurs
epiphyseal lne
is a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments
comminuted factor
occurs when the bone collapses
compression fracture
a fracture especially of the skull in which the fragment is depressed below the normal surface.
depressed fracture
A bone fracture in which one of the fragments is driven into another fragment
impacted fracture
is a bone fracture occurring when torque is applied along the axis of a bone
spiral fracture
a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and breaks
greenstick fracture
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
hematoma
the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain
cranium
the bone that forms the back and base of the skull, and through which the spinal cord passes
occipital bone
column between skull and hip bones
vertebral column
ach of the series of small bones forming the backbone, having several projections for articulation and muscle attachment, and a hole through which the spinal cord passes.
vertebrae
a roundish, flattened part in an animal or plant, in particular.
Intervertebral discs
are the seven cylindrical bones, or vertebral bodies that provide support and structure for the cervical spine
Cervical vertebrae
each of the twelve bones of the backbone to which the ribs are attached.
Thoracic vertebrae
any of the vertebrae situated between the thoracic vertebrae above and the sacrum below that in humans are five in number.
Lumbar vertebrae
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis
Sacrum
a small, triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae
Coccyx
a thickened ventral plate on each segment of the body of an arthropod
Sternum
one of a series of curved bones that are articulated with the vertebrae and occur in pairs
Ribs
a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone
Clavicle
is the bone that connects the humerus
Scapulae
the long bone in the upper arm
Humerus
he thicker and shorter of the two bones in the human forearm
Radius
the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb
Ulna
eight small bones that make up the wrist
Carpal bones
the enclosing structure formed by the pelvis, providing attachment for the hind limbs or pelvic fins.
Pelvic girdle
the bone of the thigh or upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee.
Femur
the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle (or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the fibula
Tibia
the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle in humans (or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the tibia
Fibula
