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Human Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Four structural levels in body

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems

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2
Q

Cardio Vascular System parts

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

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3
Q

Flow of blood

A

heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart

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4
Q

liquid component of blood

A

plasma, carries hormones and food materials and gases

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5
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

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6
Q

Veins

A

return oxygen poor blood to the heart

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7
Q

ARterioclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries an narrowing of the arteries

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8
Q

structure of the heart

A

two atria and two ventricles

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9
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

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10
Q

contraction and relaxation

A

systole and diastole

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11
Q

Respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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12
Q

humans breathe ___ liters of pair per minute at rest, and ____liters during excerxise

A

5-6 and 20-30liters

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13
Q

Lungs rest ontop of the most important muscle of inspiration

A

the diaphragm

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14
Q

Digestive System 6 basic processes

A
  1. ingestion of food into mouth
  2. movement of food along digestive tract
  3. mechanical prep of food for digestion
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic system
  6. elimination of indigestible substances and wastes by defecation
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15
Q

Digestive system consists of one long tube, the

A

GI tract (gastrointenstinal)

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16
Q

prevents food into trachea to prevent choking

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

food enters stomach through

A

cardiac sphincter

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18
Q

stomach mechanically grinds food into

A

chyme

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19
Q

primary site for digestion and absorption of food

A

small intenstine

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20
Q

the ___ eliminate matabolic products like urea and creatinine

A

kidneys

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21
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

support, movement, protections storage, and formation of blood cells (hemopoiesis)

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22
Q

bones move at their

A

articulation (joints)

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23
Q

bones are composed of dense outer layer, ____ and a honey comb inner spongey structure

A

cortical bone and trabecular bone

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24
Q

Cortical Bone

A

provides strength, tendon attatchment sites for muscles and organ protection

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25
Trabecular bone
mineral exchange, maintain skeletal strength
26
osteoblasts
bone cells that build bone
27
bone cells that break down bone
osteoclasts
28
remodling of bone is important becuase
repairs damage, prevents accumulation of too much old bone
29
Wolffs Law
indications that changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function
30
axial skeleton
skull, vertabrae, sternum and ribs to protect the central nervous system
31
vertebral column consists of __ verterae
33
32
spine: upper area, mid region, lower region
cervical, thoracic and lumbar
33
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limbs, shoulders and pelvic girdle
34
when two bones meet at a junction they are said to
articulate with one another
35
three main types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
36
Fibrous joints
held tightly together and allow little or no movement (skull and joint between tibia and fibula)
37
cartilaginous joints
bones connected by cartilage, little or no movement,usually consists of pad or disk (junctions between adjacent vertabrae
38
synovial joint
freely moveable, contains axis of rotation and can be uniplanar or multiplanar
39
example of joint movement in sagital plane
bicep curl (joint at elbow)
40
example of joint movement in frontal plane
lateral raise (joint at shoulder)
41
example of transverse movement
rotating arm in and out (joint at shoulder)
42
four general groups of movements in synovial joints
gliding, angular, circumduction, rotation
43
Gliding joint
head of rib to vertabrae
44
four angular movements
flexion, extension (joints moving closer or further away from eachother), abduction,adduction (away or towards midline)
45
Pronation and Supination
rotation of hand away from body so palms up is pronation. Supination is rotation of palm inward toward body and palms down
46
Circumduction
motion that describes a cone
47
Nervous System
to collect information about conditions in relation to the bodys external state and anayse this info and initialize responses
48
two parts of nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
49
CNS
consists of brain and spinal cord, responsible for receiving sensory input from the PNS and formulating responses
50
PNS
located outside CNS, afferent (sensory, carries nerve impulses to CNS) and efferent (motor, handles outgoing information)
51
Proprioception
the sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments
52
autogenic inhibition
one of golgi tendon organs functions, when it senses contractions and inhibits contraction
53
recipricol inhibition
the muscle spindles reflec contraction of its associated muscle simultaneously cuases antagonis muscle group to relax
54
Muscular System three types of muscular tissue
skeletal muscle, smooth, cardiac muscle
55
Skeletal muscle
attaches to the skeleton, through contractions moves bones
56
Smooth muscle
found on walls of hollow organs and tubes, to regulate movement through body
57
cardiac muscle
on the wall of the herat, maintains constant pumping action of heart (involuntary)
58
prime movement
agonist, muscle that creates a major movement
59
fast twitch muscle fiebrs
type II, lttle motchondria and limited aerobic metabolism, fatique more easily, lots of anaerobic capactiy ( power)
60
slow twitch
type 1, contain large amount of mitochondria, resistant to fatigue and sustain aerobic metabolism (endurance)
61
fascia
thin sheets of connective tissue membranes that hold muscle fibers in place
62
energy used to contract muscle finer comes from
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
63
muscle contraction occurs when
brain and spinal cord direct motor neurons to release a neurotransmittier called acetlcholine
64
Criteria for naing skeletal muscles
shape, action, location, attachemnts, number of divisions, size relationships
65
Connective Tissue
made up of collagen (most abundunt protein in body), characteristics tensile strength, and inexensibility ( structures with large amounts of collagen limit motion and resist stretch
66
elastin
responsible for determining the possible range of extensibility of muscle cells
67
tendons
are tough cord like tissue that connect muscles to bones, produces motion
68
ligaments
supports a joint by attaching bone to bone
69
fascia
superficial (directly below skin), deep (lies under superficial, responsible for flexibitilty and ROM), and subserous fascia
70
Factors that contribute to flexibilty
joint capsule (ligaments), Muscle (fascia), tendons
71
atrophy
wasting away of muscle tissue, which is then replaced by fatty and fibrous collagen, and stiffens flexibility
72
increasing body temperature helps with flexibility, optimal temperature is
103 F
73
shoulder girdle
consists of of articulation between medial end of sternum, lateral end of scapula and scapula with thorax, main function to fixate scapula
74
four muscles that anchor scapula
trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae (posterior) and two anterrior muscles (pectoralis minor and serratus anterior)
75
major muscle that acts on shoulder
pecotralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, rotator cuff, teres major
76
Major muscles in torso/trunk
rectus abdominis, external/ internal obliqeu, ransverse abdominis, erector spinae, multifidi
77
endocrine system functions
made up of various glands throughout the body and is responsible for regulating bodily activitis through prouduction of hormones
78
pituitary glands
master gland, becuase of its regulatory effect on several other endocrine glands, beneath brain
79
adrenal medulla produces
hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
80
Pancreas secretes
insulin(acts to fascilitate uptake of glucose by cells and prevents break down of glycogen in storage, Glucagon, opposes insulin, releases glucose to blood stream

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