Human Anatomy Flashcards
Four structural levels in body
cells, tissues, organs, systems
Cardio Vascular System parts
heart, blood vessels and blood
Flow of blood
heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart
liquid component of blood
plasma, carries hormones and food materials and gases
Arteries
Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Veins
return oxygen poor blood to the heart
ARterioclerosis
hardening of the arteries an narrowing of the arteries
structure of the heart
two atria and two ventricles
Cardiac Cycle
period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
contraction and relaxation
systole and diastole
Respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
humans breathe ___ liters of pair per minute at rest, and ____liters during excerxise
5-6 and 20-30liters
Lungs rest ontop of the most important muscle of inspiration
the diaphragm
Digestive System 6 basic processes
- ingestion of food into mouth
- movement of food along digestive tract
- mechanical prep of food for digestion
- chemical digestion
- absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic system
- elimination of indigestible substances and wastes by defecation
Digestive system consists of one long tube, the
GI tract (gastrointenstinal)
prevents food into trachea to prevent choking
epiglottis
food enters stomach through
cardiac sphincter
stomach mechanically grinds food into
chyme
primary site for digestion and absorption of food
small intenstine
the ___ eliminate matabolic products like urea and creatinine
kidneys
Skeletal system functions
support, movement, protections storage, and formation of blood cells (hemopoiesis)
bones move at their
articulation (joints)
bones are composed of dense outer layer, ____ and a honey comb inner spongey structure
cortical bone and trabecular bone
Cortical Bone
provides strength, tendon attatchment sites for muscles and organ protection
Trabecular bone
mineral exchange, maintain skeletal strength
osteoblasts
bone cells that build bone
bone cells that break down bone
osteoclasts
remodling of bone is important becuase
repairs damage, prevents accumulation of too much old bone
Wolffs Law
indications that changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function
axial skeleton
skull, vertabrae, sternum and ribs to protect the central nervous system
vertebral column consists of __ verterae
33
spine: upper area, mid region, lower region
cervical, thoracic and lumbar
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limbs, shoulders and pelvic girdle
when two bones meet at a junction they are said to
articulate with one another
three main types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Fibrous joints
held tightly together and allow little or no movement (skull and joint between tibia and fibula)
cartilaginous joints
bones connected by cartilage, little or no movement,usually consists of pad or disk (junctions between adjacent vertabrae
synovial joint
freely moveable, contains axis of rotation and can be uniplanar or multiplanar
example of joint movement in sagital plane
bicep curl (joint at elbow)
example of joint movement in frontal plane
lateral raise (joint at shoulder)
example of transverse movement
rotating arm in and out (joint at shoulder)
four general groups of movements in synovial joints
gliding, angular, circumduction, rotation
Gliding joint
head of rib to vertabrae
four angular movements
flexion, extension (joints moving closer or further away from eachother), abduction,adduction (away or towards midline)
Pronation and Supination
rotation of hand away from body so palms up is pronation. Supination is rotation of palm inward toward body and palms down
Circumduction
motion that describes a cone
Nervous System
to collect information about conditions in relation to the bodys external state and anayse this info and initialize responses
two parts of nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
CNS
consists of brain and spinal cord, responsible for receiving sensory input from the PNS and formulating responses
PNS
located outside CNS, afferent (sensory, carries nerve impulses to CNS) and efferent (motor, handles outgoing information)
Proprioception
the sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments
autogenic inhibition
one of golgi tendon organs functions, when it senses contractions and inhibits contraction
recipricol inhibition
the muscle spindles reflec contraction of its associated muscle simultaneously cuases antagonis muscle group to relax
Muscular System three types of muscular tissue
skeletal muscle, smooth, cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
attaches to the skeleton, through contractions moves bones
Smooth muscle
found on walls of hollow organs and tubes, to regulate movement through body
cardiac muscle
on the wall of the herat, maintains constant pumping action of heart (involuntary)
prime movement
agonist, muscle that creates a major movement
fast twitch muscle fiebrs
type II, lttle motchondria and limited aerobic metabolism, fatique more easily, lots of anaerobic capactiy ( power)
slow twitch
type 1, contain large amount of mitochondria, resistant to fatigue and sustain aerobic metabolism (endurance)
fascia
thin sheets of connective tissue membranes that hold muscle fibers in place
energy used to contract muscle finer comes from
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
muscle contraction occurs when
brain and spinal cord direct motor neurons to release a neurotransmittier called acetlcholine
Criteria for naing skeletal muscles
shape, action, location, attachemnts, number of divisions, size relationships
Connective Tissue
made up of collagen (most abundunt protein in body), characteristics tensile strength, and inexensibility ( structures with large amounts of collagen limit motion and resist stretch
elastin
responsible for determining the possible range of extensibility of muscle cells
tendons
are tough cord like tissue that connect muscles to bones, produces motion
ligaments
supports a joint by attaching bone to bone
fascia
superficial (directly below skin), deep (lies under superficial, responsible for flexibitilty and ROM), and subserous fascia
Factors that contribute to flexibilty
joint capsule (ligaments), Muscle (fascia), tendons
atrophy
wasting away of muscle tissue, which is then replaced by fatty and fibrous collagen, and stiffens flexibility
increasing body temperature helps with flexibility, optimal temperature is
103 F
shoulder girdle
consists of of articulation between medial end of sternum, lateral end of scapula and scapula with thorax, main function to fixate scapula
four muscles that anchor scapula
trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae (posterior) and two anterrior muscles (pectoralis minor and serratus anterior)
major muscle that acts on shoulder
pecotralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, rotator cuff, teres major
Major muscles in torso/trunk
rectus abdominis, external/ internal obliqeu, ransverse abdominis, erector spinae, multifidi
endocrine system functions
made up of various glands throughout the body and is responsible for regulating bodily activitis through prouduction of hormones
pituitary glands
master gland, becuase of its regulatory effect on several other endocrine glands, beneath brain
adrenal medulla produces
hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Pancreas secretes
insulin(acts to fascilitate uptake of glucose by cells and prevents break down of glycogen in storage, Glucagon, opposes insulin, releases glucose to blood stream
