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Fitness > Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Four structural levels in body

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems

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2
Q

Cardio Vascular System parts

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

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3
Q

Flow of blood

A

heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart

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4
Q

liquid component of blood

A

plasma, carries hormones and food materials and gases

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5
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

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6
Q

Veins

A

return oxygen poor blood to the heart

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7
Q

ARterioclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries an narrowing of the arteries

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8
Q

structure of the heart

A

two atria and two ventricles

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9
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

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10
Q

contraction and relaxation

A

systole and diastole

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11
Q

Respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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12
Q

humans breathe ___ liters of pair per minute at rest, and ____liters during excerxise

A

5-6 and 20-30liters

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13
Q

Lungs rest ontop of the most important muscle of inspiration

A

the diaphragm

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14
Q

Digestive System 6 basic processes

A
  1. ingestion of food into mouth
  2. movement of food along digestive tract
  3. mechanical prep of food for digestion
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic system
  6. elimination of indigestible substances and wastes by defecation
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15
Q

Digestive system consists of one long tube, the

A

GI tract (gastrointenstinal)

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16
Q

prevents food into trachea to prevent choking

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

food enters stomach through

A

cardiac sphincter

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18
Q

stomach mechanically grinds food into

A

chyme

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19
Q

primary site for digestion and absorption of food

A

small intenstine

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20
Q

the ___ eliminate matabolic products like urea and creatinine

A

kidneys

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21
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

support, movement, protections storage, and formation of blood cells (hemopoiesis)

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22
Q

bones move at their

A

articulation (joints)

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23
Q

bones are composed of dense outer layer, ____ and a honey comb inner spongey structure

A

cortical bone and trabecular bone

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24
Q

Cortical Bone

A

provides strength, tendon attatchment sites for muscles and organ protection

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25
Q

Trabecular bone

A

mineral exchange, maintain skeletal strength

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26
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone cells that build bone

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27
Q

bone cells that break down bone

A

osteoclasts

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28
Q

remodling of bone is important becuase

A

repairs damage, prevents accumulation of too much old bone

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29
Q

Wolffs Law

A

indications that changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function

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30
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertabrae, sternum and ribs to protect the central nervous system

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31
Q

vertebral column consists of __ verterae

A

33

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32
Q

spine: upper area, mid region, lower region

A

cervical, thoracic and lumbar

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33
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs, shoulders and pelvic girdle

34
Q

when two bones meet at a junction they are said to

A

articulate with one another

35
Q

three main types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

36
Q

Fibrous joints

A

held tightly together and allow little or no movement (skull and joint between tibia and fibula)

37
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bones connected by cartilage, little or no movement,usually consists of pad or disk (junctions between adjacent vertabrae

38
Q

synovial joint

A

freely moveable, contains axis of rotation and can be uniplanar or multiplanar

39
Q

example of joint movement in sagital plane

A

bicep curl (joint at elbow)

40
Q

example of joint movement in frontal plane

A

lateral raise (joint at shoulder)

41
Q

example of transverse movement

A

rotating arm in and out (joint at shoulder)

42
Q

four general groups of movements in synovial joints

A

gliding, angular, circumduction, rotation

43
Q

Gliding joint

A

head of rib to vertabrae

44
Q

four angular movements

A

flexion, extension (joints moving closer or further away from eachother), abduction,adduction (away or towards midline)

45
Q

Pronation and Supination

A

rotation of hand away from body so palms up is pronation. Supination is rotation of palm inward toward body and palms down

46
Q

Circumduction

A

motion that describes a cone

47
Q

Nervous System

A

to collect information about conditions in relation to the bodys external state and anayse this info and initialize responses

48
Q

two parts of nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

49
Q

CNS

A

consists of brain and spinal cord, responsible for receiving sensory input from the PNS and formulating responses

50
Q

PNS

A

located outside CNS, afferent (sensory, carries nerve impulses to CNS) and efferent (motor, handles outgoing information)

51
Q

Proprioception

A

the sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments

52
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

one of golgi tendon organs functions, when it senses contractions and inhibits contraction

53
Q

recipricol inhibition

A

the muscle spindles reflec contraction of its associated muscle simultaneously cuases antagonis muscle group to relax

54
Q

Muscular System three types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal muscle, smooth, cardiac muscle

55
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attaches to the skeleton, through contractions moves bones

56
Q

Smooth muscle

A

found on walls of hollow organs and tubes, to regulate movement through body

57
Q

cardiac muscle

A

on the wall of the herat, maintains constant pumping action of heart (involuntary)

58
Q

prime movement

A

agonist, muscle that creates a major movement

59
Q

fast twitch muscle fiebrs

A

type II, lttle motchondria and limited aerobic metabolism, fatique more easily, lots of anaerobic capactiy ( power)

60
Q

slow twitch

A

type 1, contain large amount of mitochondria, resistant to fatigue and sustain aerobic metabolism (endurance)

61
Q

fascia

A

thin sheets of connective tissue membranes that hold muscle fibers in place

62
Q

energy used to contract muscle finer comes from

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

63
Q

muscle contraction occurs when

A

brain and spinal cord direct motor neurons to release a neurotransmittier called acetlcholine

64
Q

Criteria for naing skeletal muscles

A

shape, action, location, attachemnts, number of divisions, size relationships

65
Q

Connective Tissue

A

made up of collagen (most abundunt protein in body), characteristics tensile strength, and inexensibility ( structures with large amounts of collagen limit motion and resist stretch

66
Q

elastin

A

responsible for determining the possible range of extensibility of muscle cells

67
Q

tendons

A

are tough cord like tissue that connect muscles to bones, produces motion

68
Q

ligaments

A

supports a joint by attaching bone to bone

69
Q

fascia

A

superficial (directly below skin), deep (lies under superficial, responsible for flexibitilty and ROM), and subserous fascia

70
Q

Factors that contribute to flexibilty

A

joint capsule (ligaments), Muscle (fascia), tendons

71
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away of muscle tissue, which is then replaced by fatty and fibrous collagen, and stiffens flexibility

72
Q

increasing body temperature helps with flexibility, optimal temperature is

A

103 F

73
Q

shoulder girdle

A

consists of of articulation between medial end of sternum, lateral end of scapula and scapula with thorax, main function to fixate scapula

74
Q

four muscles that anchor scapula

A

trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae (posterior) and two anterrior muscles (pectoralis minor and serratus anterior)

75
Q

major muscle that acts on shoulder

A

pecotralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, rotator cuff, teres major

76
Q

Major muscles in torso/trunk

A

rectus abdominis, external/ internal obliqeu, ransverse abdominis, erector spinae, multifidi

77
Q

endocrine system functions

A

made up of various glands throughout the body and is responsible for regulating bodily activitis through prouduction of hormones

78
Q

pituitary glands

A

master gland, becuase of its regulatory effect on several other endocrine glands, beneath brain

79
Q

adrenal medulla produces

A

hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

80
Q

Pancreas secretes

A

insulin(acts to fascilitate uptake of glucose by cells and prevents break down of glycogen in storage, Glucagon, opposes insulin, releases glucose to blood stream

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