HUMAN ANATOMY Flashcards
The residual volume can change as adults grow older. If residual volume increases, then…
Vital capacity decreases.
What structure prevents bolus from entering the wind pipe and going down the correct “tube” called the esophagus?
Epiglottis
The “DUB” sound of your heart beat is caused by which valves closing?
Semi lunar valves closing
The blood pressure produced by ventricular contractions to push blood can be measured with a
Sphygmomanometer
The projections in the nasal passage that increase surface area and aid in warming air are called?
Turbinate bones
How do the diaphragm and rib muscles help with breathing?
The muscles change the air pressure.
What structure in brain controls the the conduction of the heart?
Medulla oblongata
The erythrocyte is a component of the blood that carries…
Diffused oxygen from the lungs.
What is being shown here?
The ventricles.
What is the name of the cell that is responsible for secreting mucus in the upper respiratory tract?
Goblet cells
What part of the heart does the SA node control?
The contraction of the atria’s.
The trachea is composed of about 20 _______________ rings. The back part of each ring is made of muscle and connective tissue.
Cartilage
What are the two blood pressure readings?
Systole and diastole
What structure is used to connect to the heart to slow your heart rate down?
The vagus nerve.
What is alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries
When you exhale as fully as you can, what is the extra air exhaled called?
expiratory reserve volume
Where would you find the development of the leukocytes known as T cells?
Thymus gland
What brings blood near the skin to elicit shivering?
Vasoconstriction
What artery carries oxygen poor blood?
Pulmonary artery
Which phagocyte is the most abundant and found in blood and body cells of an animal?
Neutrophil
Which cell is produced in the mucosal lining of the digestive and respiratory systems?
Eosinophil
What is the name of the device to accurately measure lung capacity?
Spirometer
A key function of the blood is transportation. Blood has other functions, such as regulation. What does blood regulate?
Body temperature.
The name of the tissue that attaches to the atrioventricular valves to help close them is the?
Chordae tendineae
A distinct feature of a closed circulatory system such as our own is?
Our vessels separates the blood from our bodies.
What is the name of the structure where the soft palate of the mouth meets the end of the nasal cavity?
Pharynx
Pulmonary _________________ reduces surface tension at the air–water interface in the alveoli, thereby preventing collapse of these structures at end-expiration.
Surfactant
For gas to be exchanged between the cells in the body it must use the process known as?
Diffusion
When we talk or sing what do our vocal cords do?
They move closer together to create sound.
For people with asthma, what do inhalers do to help them breath?
Inhalers relax the bronchiole muscles.
When a person is breathing normally, the air that is exhaled is called the…
Tidal volume
What is this?
Triglyceride
What is this
Amino acid
What is this?
Dehydration synthesis
What is this?
Hydrolysis
What is this
Nucleic base
In order of inner to the outer layer, list the heart muscles.
Endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
What is a peptide bond?
It bonds amino acids.
What is a polypeptide chain?
It is a protein chain made from amino acids held together by a peptide bond.
What is gastric juice made up of? Where is it secreted?
Gastric glands in the stomach secrete the gastric juice made up of: hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water and mucous.
Name enzyme secreted in the mouth.
Salivary amylase.
What does salivary amylase do?
The salivary glands secrete the enzyme to chemically break down starches into simpler sugars.
What does the epiglottis do?
Is a cartilage flap that opens and closes to the trachea or esophagus.
Define peristalsis.
A wave-like churning of contractions in esophagus.
What is chyme?
A thick liquid made of gastric juice and digested food also known as bolus.
What is the cardiac/esophageal sphincter?
It is the sphincter that allows bolus to enter the stomach from the esophagus. It keeps the food in the stomach.
What is the pyloric sphincter, where is it located?
The pyloric sphincter keeps the bolus in the stomach. It is located where the end of the stomach meets the duodenum.
What is the protein digesting enzyme produced in the stomach called?
Pepsin
How are the digestive and circulatory system connected?
When nutrients are being absorbed in the small intestine by the villi projections they diffuse into the blood stream to be carried to the rest of the body.
What is the name of the three sections in the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is the role of the pancreas? What does it contain?
It secretes enzymes into the duodenum, that helps to digest carbs, proteins, and lipids. It contains bicarbonate.
What is the role/function of the liver?
Creates bile, that digests lipids.
What is the role/function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile made from the liver.
Label this diagram (IGNORE D).
A= Gallbladder B= Common bile duct
C= Pancreatic duct
What is inspiration?
The action of drawing oxygen rich air into the lungs.
What is expiration?
The action of releasing waste air from lungs.
Explain the process of gas exchange.
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, oxygen rich air is drawn into the air sacs and diffuses through the 1 cell thick membrane of the alveoli into the 1 cell thick membrane of the capillary. Simultaneously the deoxygenated blood diffuses back into the alveoli to be released out of the lungs.
What is external respiration?
It is the stage where gas exchange occurs. It involves drawing air into the lungs and expelling CO2 out of the lungs.
What is internal respiration?
It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the body tissues.
What happens in internal respiration?
The oxygenated blood diffuses through 2 one cell thick membranes into the body tissues to provide them oxygen. The waste C02 diffuses back into capillaries and travels through the body back up to the heart.
Gas exchange can only occur if there are ___ or ___ cell membranes.
3, or 2
What is a Spirograph?
A graph representing the volume and speed of air that is inhaled and exhaled.
What is Tidal volume?
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
Which macromolecule is first broken down by digestive enzymes in the stomach?
Proteins
Where do we find enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates?
Mouth, pancreas, and small intestines.
What are molecules that make up macromolecules known as lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
Where does the enzyme trypsin work?
Small intestine
What are the bodies two main energy sources?
Lipids and carbohydrates.
Which compound is important for storing energy in plants?
Starch
What are the functions of macromolecules?
They provide energy, regulate cellular activities, and build + repair tissues.
Name monosaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Name disaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Name polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
What is a characteristic of lipids?
They are insoluble in water
What is a phospholipid?
It forms membranes that separates cell from outside environments
Amino acids are bonded by ________, and yields long chains called ____________.
Peptide bonds, polypeptides
What is hydrolysis?
Process that breaks chemicals down.
How does hydrolysis work?
A water molecule is added to a macromolecule to break chemical bonds, to complete a molecule specific enzyme breaks it apart.
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid, sublingual, and submaxillary
Salivary glands produce ________ that is an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down _______.
Saliva, Starches
What is the sphincter from the esophagus to the stomach?
Esophageal sphincter
What is peristalsis?
Muscle contractions that push bolus down esophagus towards the stomach.
What is chyme?
A result of bolus+gastric juice+enzymes
What are the stomachs three methods of protection?
- Secretes only a small amount of gastric juice until bolus is present.
- Glands produce mucus to prevent juices from harming the stomach lining.
- Produces inactive pepsin (enzyme) that isn’t active until hydrochloric acid is present.
What does the jejunum do?
Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
What does the ileum do?
Absorbs any remaining nutrients and pushes undigested waste into large intestine.
What does bicarbonate do?
It alters the PH of chyme allowing the digestive enzymes to work more efficiently.
Bile is produced in the _______ and stored in the ______________.
Liver, gallbladder
What is a peptic ulcer?
Bacteria called H.pylori attaches to the stomach lining which weakens the lining mucus resulting in irritation of the stomach lining.
What is Crohn’s disease?
Inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the GI tract.
What is hepatitis (A,B,C)? Differentiate between Hepatitis A, B, and C.
Inflammation of the liver cause by a virus. A is from contaminated water. B is from sexual contact. C is from infected blood.
Cirrhosis is…
The liver is unable to regenerate healthy tissue because it is mostly scarred.
What is the device used by surgeons and doctors to see the upper GI tract?
The endoscope
What is diabetes? Differentiate between type 1 and type 2.
Is when the body is unable to use glucose as an energy source. Type 1 is when insulin producing cells are destroyed by the immune system. Type 2 cannot make enough insulin.
What is another word for rib muscles?
Intercostal muscles.
During inhalation, what happens to diaphragm and rib muscles?
They contract and the diaphragm moves down to allow rib cage to expand. The volume in the lungs increase.
During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm and the rib muscles?
They relax, the diaphragm moves up resulting in an increase of air pressure, which moves air from lungs to a lower pressure environment.
One way to remember air pressure is…
Air moves from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure.
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled when body is resting.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Additional volume of air that can be taken into lungs during inhalation.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Additional volume of air in lungs that can be expelled during exhalation.
What is vital capacity?
Total amount of gas that can be moved in and out of lungs.
What is residual volume?
Amount of gas that remains in the lungs and is never exhaled.
What is our respiratory systems first line of defence against dust and harmful particles?
It is the hair-like cilia that line the mucus membranes over the turbinate bones.
Why do capillaries line the turbinate bones?
It is because the capillaries are able to warm the air that way when the air enters the alveoli it doesn’t damage the cells.
Larynx is the voice box, it holds the vocal chords. What may affect the larynx?
Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx from allergies, infection, or strenuous use of voice.
How many lobes does each lung have?
Right = 3 Left = 2
What is the pleural membrane?
It is a double layered membrane that is attached to the chest wall but also covers the lungs.
Explain pneumonia.
Inflammation in one or both lungs. There is lobular which may affect one lobe and there is bronchial with is patches on the lungs. Lobular is caused by bacteria.
Which type of pneumonia is worse? Viral or bacterial?
Bacterial
Describe bronchitis.
Inflammation of mucus membranes in the bronchi that fills with mucus and expelled by coughing. Chronic is long-term exposure to irritants and acute is an infection.
Describe asthma.
Chronic inflammation of lungs and mucus overproduction. The passages narrow and fill with mucus reducing air flow. Inhalers can relax the bronchioles and reduce inflammation during an anxiety attack.
What is the muscle that separates the left and right side of the heart?
Septum
What are the atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid and bicuspid
What are the two semilunar valves?
Pulmonary semilunar valve (to pulmonary artery) and aortic semilunar valve (from pulmonary vein)
What is the difference between an artery and an arteriole?
They both carry blood away from the heart, but arterioles are smaller than arteries, they connect to the capillaries.
What is the smaller vein called?
Venule
What is the structural difference between arteries and veins?
Artery walls are elastic like, they can expand because of blood flow. Veins are thinner and have a larger circumference. They also have valves to make sure there isn’t back flow of blood.
What are the three blood circuits?
Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and cardiac circulation
Pulmonary circulation is…
Movement of blood from heart to lungs and back to heart. This is the circuit where gas exchange takes place and oxygenated blood re-enters the heart.
Systemic circulation is…
Movement of blood from heart to body and back to heart. After circulating the body blood returns carrying CO2 waste, re-enters pulmonary circuit.
Blood contains?
55% plasma 44% red blood cells 1% white blood cells and platelets.
Red blood cells are also known as…
Erythrocytes
White blood cells are also known as…
Leukocytes
What is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels to sweat and cool body temperature down. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels to elicit shivering to keep the body warm.
What is the sinoatrial node?
Stimulates right atrium to contract.
Explain the electrical signals of the heart.
SA node contracts right atrium and relays to AV node to the bundle of His. From there, the bundle of His relays in the two branches of purkinje fibres which contracts the ventricles.
What are the two heart sounds “lub-DUB” telling us about which valves are closing in out hearts?
Lub is the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. The DUB is the closing of the semilunar valves pumping blood into the arteries.
In an ECG list all the waves and what signals are sent in the heart.
P-wave: SA nodes fire, atria contracts.
QSR complex: AV nodes fire, ventricles contract, AV valves close.
T-wave: ventricles relax, semi-lunar valves close.
What is systole? What is diastole?
Systole is max blood pressure and diastole is min blood pressure.
What is the angioplasty procedure?
It is when arteries are clogged so a surgeon inserts a tube into clogged artery and inflates a tiny balloon to unblock the artery.
