Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESWS C5I > Human A&P > Flashcards

Human A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy & physiology.

A

Anatomy: study of structure.
Physiology: study of function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do you listen for when doing percussion?

A

Signs of abnormalities like pockets of fluid, air, or scar tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define dissection:

A

Carefully cutting & separating tissues to reveal their relationship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which 2 words mean “cutting apart” ?

A

Anatomy & dissection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities & differences & analyze evolutionary trends?

A

Comparative anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the act of opening the body & taking a look inside to see what’s wrong & what could be done about it?
What was it then replaced with?

A

Exploratory surgery
Replaced w/ medical imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define structure that can be seen w/ the naked eye by surface observation, radiology, or dissection? (Can be observed w/o magnification)

A

Gross anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define the microscopic observation of structures like tissues & organs?

A

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease?

A

Histopathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the study of structure & function of individual cells?

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define ultrastructure

A

Fine details of tissue & cell structure, down to the molecular level, revealed by electron microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define:
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology

A

-physiology of nervous system
-physiology of hormones
-mechanisms of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, & reproduction?

A

Comparative physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who is the Greek physician known as the father of medicine? What did he urge physicians to do?

A

Hippocrates
Urged physicians to stop attributing disease to activities of gods & demons & to seek natural causes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was the 1st philosopher to write about anatomy & physiology? What were his beliefs?

A

Aristotle
Believed diseases & other natural events either had supernatural causes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was the physician to Roman gladiators who wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era?

A

Claudis Galen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who was a well known Jewish physician who served to court in sultan, Saladin?

A

Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who designed scientific instruments like the compound microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who invented a simple microscope that was originally for examining the weave of fabrics?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the most important breakthrough in biomedical history?

A

Cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What method refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, & honest analysis of one’s observations & conclusions?

A

Scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What method is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations & predictions from them?

A

Inductive method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which method involves an investigator who begins asking a question & formulating a hypothesis (educated speculation or possible answer)?

A

Hypothetico-deductive method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s an informed conjecture that’s capable of being tested & potentially falsified by experimentation/data collection?

A

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s defined by means that if we claim something’s scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing can go wrong, it’s not scientific.

A

Falsifiability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does hypothesis testing operate?

A

In cycles of conjecture & disproof until one is found that’s supported by evidence. Suggesting a method for answering a question.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s defined as the number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study?

A

Sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which effect can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we don’t control them?

A

Psychosomatic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do we control experimenter bias?

A

Double-blind method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kind of testing can be applied to data?

A

Statistical testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What’s defined as information that can be independently verified by any trained person?

A

Scientific fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What’s the generalization about the predictable ways on how matter & energy behave?

A

Law of nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What’s an explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the states of knowledge on a phenomenon & provides direction for further study? Derived from facts, laws, & confirmed hypotheses.

A

Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who discovered Natural Selection & addressed issues of human evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What’s the change in relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a period of time? The mechanism that produces adaptations in human form & function? Change in genetic composition of population of organisms.

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does evolution work?

A

Through the principle of natural selection. Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over competitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Natural forces promote what?

A

Reproductive success for some individuals than others in selection pressures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What’s the evolutionary process leading to establishment of characteristics that favor survival & reproduction? (anatomy, physiology, behavior). Sensory process where receptor adjusts sensitivity or response to level of stimulation, like night vision. Cope w/ challenges of environment.

A

Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What kind of habitat affords greater safety from predators, less competition, & rich food supply of leaves, fruit, insects, & lizards?

A

Arboreal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

List the hierarchy of complexity for humans

A

Atoms ->molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What’s a single, complete individual?

A

Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define a group of organs w/ unique functions.

A

Organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What structure is composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function?

A

Organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What’s a mass of similar cells & cell products that form a discrete region of an organ & performs specific function?

A

Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What’s the smallest unit of an organism that carries out all basic like functions?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out individual functions?

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Proteins, fats, & DNA are large molecules known as what?

A

Macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

A molecule is a particle composed of at least 2 __, the smallest particles w/ unique chemical identities.

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Complex systems like the human body can be understood by studying simpler components called ____.

A

Reductionism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What complimentary theory defines humans being more than the sum of their parts? To treat not only the disease, but the whole person.

A

Holism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The ability to sense & react to stimuli is called:

A

Responsiveness or excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The tendency of maintaining relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in external environment is known as

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Development of relatively unspecialized cell or tissue into 1 w/ a more specific structure & function is known as

A

Differentiation

54
Q

Sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, genetics, and environment are what?

A

Physiological variables

55
Q

The internal state of the body is best described as a dynamic ___, in which there’s a certain __ __ or averages value for a given variable.

A

Equilibrium, set point

56
Q

A self-corrective mechanism that underlies most homeostatis, body change is detected, & reponses are activated that reverse the change & restore stability & preserve normal body function is ____ feedback.

A

Negative

57
Q

Because feedback mechanisms alter original changes that triggered them, they’re often called _____ loops.

A

feedback loops

58
Q

What mechanism processes info, relates it to other available info, & makes decision about appropriate repsonse?

A

Integrating (control) center

59
Q

What molecule, cell, or organ carries response to a stimulus? Carries final corrective action.

A

Effector

60
Q

What feedback is self-amplifying cycle where change leads to even greater change in the SAME direction?

A

Positive

61
Q

A physiological __ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable vice versa.

A

Gradient

62
Q

Chemicals flown down ____ gradients. A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on 2 sides of a plasma membrane.

A

concentration

63
Q

Which book was codified in 1998 by an international committee of anatomists & approved by professional associations of anatomists in more than 50 countries?

A

Terminologia Anatomica

64
Q

Terms coined from names of people called ___, afford little cues to what’s a structure or condition.

A

Eponyms

65
Q

There are __ naturally occurring elements on earth, __ oh which play normal physiological roles in humans. 6 of them account for 98.5% of the body’s weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, & phosphorus.

A

91, 24

66
Q

The remaining 12 elements collectively account for only 0.7% of body weight. They’re known as ____ elements.

A

Trace elements

67
Q

What are inorganic elements that are extracted from soil by plants & passed up the food chain to humans & others?

A

Minerals

68
Q

How much does each proton or neutron approximately weigh?

A

1 atomic mass unit (amu)

69
Q

Around the nucleus are one or more clouds of ____, tiny particles w/ a single negative charge & very low mass.

A

Electrons

70
Q

Electrons of the outermost shell, called ____ _____, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom.

A

Valence electrons

71
Q

Unstable isotopes are therefore called ____, & the process of decay is called ___.

A

Radiostopes, radioactivity

72
Q

In high doses, ____ radiation is quickly fatal.

A

Ionizing

73
Q

Each radioisotope has a characteristic physical ______, the time required for 50& of atoms to decay to a more stable isotope.

A

physical half-life

74
Q

The _____ ______ of a radioisotope is the time required for half of it to disappear from the body.

A

biological half-life

75
Q

Charged particles w/ unequal numbers of portons & electrons are known as

A

Ions

76
Q

An ion w/ more electrons than protons & consequently a net negative charge:
An ion w/ more protons than electrons & consequently a net positive charge:

A

Anion
Cation

77
Q

What’s a substance that ionizes in water & forms solutions capable of conducting electricity?

A

Electrolytes

78
Q

What are unstable, highly reactive chemical particles w/ an odd number of electrons?

A

Free radicals

79
Q

An ____ is a chemical that neutralizes free radicals.

A

antioxidant

80
Q

What’s a chemical particle compared of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond?

A

Molecule

81
Q

Molecules composed of 2 or more elements are called _____.

A

Compounds

82
Q

The ___ ____ of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms.

A

molecular weight

83
Q

What’s a force that attracts 1 atom to another, such as their opposite charges or sharing electrons? A molecule is held together & molecules are attracted to one another by….

A

chemical bonds

84
Q

Relatively weak attracting between an an anion & cation. Easily disrupted in water like salt. Which bond?

A

Ionic bond

85
Q

Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei. Which bond?

A

Covalent bond

86
Q

Weak attraction between polarized molecules of same molecule. Easily disrupted by temperature & pH changes.

A

Hydrogen bond

87
Q

Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds individually, but can have strong side effects.

A

Van der Waals Force

88
Q

A ____ consists of substances physically blended but not chemically combined.

A

mixture

89
Q

The base unit of heat is the ___.

A

calorie

90
Q

Most common ____ in the body mixtures of protein & water, such as albumin in blood plasma.

A

colloids

91
Q

The blood in our blood plasma exemplify a ____.

A

Suspension

92
Q

An ____ is a suspension of 1 liquid in another, like oil & vinegar.

A

emulsion

93
Q

An ___ is a proton donor, a molecule releases a proton in water. A __ is a proton acceptor.

A

Acid, base

94
Q

pH expresses what?

A

Acidity

95
Q

Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called ____.

A

Buffers

96
Q

List the different concentrations

A

Weight per volume
Percentage
Molarity
Milliequivalents per liter

97
Q

Potential energy available in a system to do useful work is known as

A

Free energy

98
Q

A ____reaction is a process when covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.

A

chemical reaction

99
Q

Course of chemical reaction is symbolized by ___ ____ that typically shows reactants on left, products on right..

A

chemical equation

100
Q

In _____ reactions, a large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones.

A

decomposition

101
Q

Which reaction can go either direction under different circumstances?

A

Reversible

102
Q

In the absence of upsetting influences, reversible reactions exist in a state of ____, which the ratio of products to reactants is stable.

A

equilibrium

103
Q

What’s a substance that temporarily binds to reactants, hold them in favorable position to react w/ each other, & may change shapes of reactants?

A

Catalysts

104
Q

All chemical reactions in the body are collectively called _____. (has 2 divisions)

A

Metabolism

105
Q

A chemical reaction when one or more electrons are removed from a molecule, lowering its free energy content; opposite of reduction & always linked to reduction reaction:

A

Oxidation

106
Q

A chemical reaction when one or more electrons are added to a molecule, raising its free energy content; opposite of oxidation & always linked to oxidation reaction. Also treatment for restoring fractures to proper alignment:

A

Reduction

107
Q

Which reaction has a net release of energy? The products have less total free energy than reactants did.

A

Exergonic reactions

108
Q

Which reaction has a net input of energy? The products have more total free energy than reactants did.

A

Endergonic reactions

109
Q

Which versatile atom serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures & has 4 valence electrons?

A

Carbon

110
Q

Carbon backbones carry a variety of ___ ____ -small clusters of atoms that determine properties of organic molecule.

A

functional groups

111
Q

What molecule consists of a long chain of identical subunits like protein, DNA, & starch?

A

Polymer

112
Q

What has identical subunits of a larger molecule in the timer to polymer range? One subunit of an antibody molecule, composed of 4 polypeptides?

A

Monomer

113
Q

Condensation is also know as what?

A

Dehydration synthesis

114
Q

The opposite of dehydration is ____.

A

Hydrolysis

115
Q

Name the hydrophilic organic compound of carbon & a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen & oxygen? Including sugar, starches, glycogen, & cellulose

A

Carbs

116
Q

A simple sugar or sugar monomer; chiefly glucose, fructose, & galactose

A

Monosaccharide

117
Q

A carb composed of 2 simple sugars joined by glycosidic bond: lactose, sucrose, & maltose.

A

Disaccharide

118
Q

Polymer of simple sugar: glycogen, starch, & cellulose:

A

Polysaccharide

119
Q

A molecule that’s both hydrophobic & hydrophilic:

A

Amphipathic

120
Q

A ___ is a polymer of amino acids. Has __ amino acids.

A

protein

121
Q

What causes a change in 3 dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its enzymatic other other properties, caused by extreme temperature or pH?

A

Denaturation

122
Q

What’s thin, flat, scaly shaped, & often w/ a bulge where nucleus is shaped like a sunny side up egg? Lines the esophagus & forms surface layer of skin.

A

Squamous

123
Q

What’s squarish-looking/cube in frontal sections & about equal in height & width; like liver sells?

A

Cuboidal

124
Q

What’s cellular shaped, distinctly taller than wide, like inner lining sells of stomach & intestines?

A

Columnar

125
Q

Has multiple pointed processes projecting from body of cell, giving star=like shape. Cells bodies of many nerve cells.

A

Stellate

126
Q

Round to oval shape, as in egg cells & white blood cells.

A

Spheroidal to ovoid

127
Q

Disc-shaped, as in red blood cells

A

Discoidal

128
Q

Spindle shaped; elongated w/ a thick middle & tapered ends, like smooth muscle cells.

A

Fusiform

129
Q

What’s the most useful unit of measure designated for cell sizes?

A

Micrometer

130
Q

Clear, featureless, gelatinous colloid where organelles & internal structures of cell are embedded.

A

Cytosol

ESWS C5I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions