HTN

Question 1

What is the equation for BP relating to Ohm’s Law?

Answer 1

V = IR

BP = (Stroke volume * CO) * SVR

Question 2

What are the 2 types of systemic HTN?

Answer 2

Essential HTN– unknown cause

Secondary HTN– definable cause

Question 3

What is the BP range for pre-hypertension?

Answer 3

120-140 / 80-90

Question 4

What is the BP for hypertension?

Answer 4

>= 140/90

Question 5

What is the BP for Stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 5

140-160 / 90-100

Question 6

What is moderate hypertension?

Answer 6

160 - 180 / 100 - 110

Question 7

What is severe hypertension?

Answer 7

.= 180 / 110

Question 8

What are the possible genetic issues causing HTN? (3)

Answer 8

Renal handling of Na

Abnormal Na transport across membranes

Abnormal ANS response to stress

Question 9

What is the epidemiology of HTN? (4)

Answer 9

Age

Environment

Socioeconomic

Race

Question 10

What percent of pts have essential HTN?

Answer 10

95%

Question 11

What factors can cause HTN?

Answer 11

Increased CO due to abnormal neuronal activity

Blood vessel endothelial abnormalities

Dysfunctional nitric oxide receptors

Kidney is responsible for long term issues

Abnormal hormonal imbalances

Desensitized baroreceptors

Excessive leptin in obesity

Question 12

What are endogenous causes of secondary HTN? (6)

Answer 12

Chronic renal disease

Coarctation of aorta

Pheochromocytoma

Primary aldosteronism

Cushing’s disease

Question 13

What medications can induce secondary HTN?

Answer 13

Glucocorticoids
Cyclosporine A (anti-rejection med)
Oral contraceptives
Sympathomimetics (OTC drugs)
Cocaine
Alcohol (chronic)

Question 14

What happens if HTN is untreated?

Answer 14

50% die of CAD

33% die of stroke

10-15% die of renal failure

Question 15

Major cardiac effects of HTN include: (2)

Answer 15

increased afterload

accelerated atherosclerosis

Question 16

What physiological effects occur with increased afterload?(5)

Answer 16

Increased LV wall tension
LV hypertrophy
Diastolic dysfunction
Increased LV filling pressure
Pulmonary congestion

Question 17

What are the 2 types of strokes?

Answer 17

Hemorrhagic

Atherothrombotic

Question 18

Treatment of HTN can decrease the risk death by stroke by ____%.

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

What is a HTN crisis?

Answer 19

Severe elevation in BP which usually results from acute hemodynamic changes superimposed on a chronic one.

Question 20

What adverse effects does HTN crisis cause?

Answer 20

HTN encephalopathy–dizziness, headaches

Papilledema

Angina

Note: Immediate treatment is REQUIRED for a HTN crisis.

Question 21

What is the treatment for HTN?

Answer 21

Diuretics are first line

Sympatholytics

Vasodilators

Renin-Angiotensin Antagonists