Cardiovascular Anatomy

Question 1

What are the functiions of blood? (5)

Answer 1

transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss

carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection

bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood

regulating body temperature

Question 2

Where does blood arise from?

Answer 2

hemocytoblasts in:

spongy bone marrow of femur, humerus, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, cranium

Question 3

What is the plasma comprised of? (5)

Answer 3

• Water 90%
• Proteins: albumin, antibiodies, clotting factors
• Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl, Ca
• Hormones
• Nutrients & wastes: uric acid, nitrogen, creatinine

Question 4

What type of blood labs do we take? (3)

Answer 4

CBC complete blood count

BMP basic metabolic panel

Differential: detailed WBC

Question 5

What type of stem cell exists in the bone marrow?

Answer 5

Pluripotent

Note: Which then can become a myeloid or a lymphoid stem cell.

Question 6

What are characteristics of erythrocytes? (4)

Answer 6

anucleate

are end products and do not reproduce

transport O2 and CO2 on Hb

comprise 45% of blood volume = Hct

Question 7

What are characteristics of leukocytes? (3)

Answer 7

protect body against bacteria, viruses, toxins

diapedesis: WBC can leave capillaries, go into tissue (ie. inflammation)

have amoeboid motion

Question 8

What does differential count (%) comprise of?

Answer 8

granulocytes (-phil)

agranulocytes

Question 9

What are the types of granulocytes? (3)

Answer 9

Eosinophils– red granules

Basophils– blue granules, release histamine, heparin

Neutrophils (40-70%)– non staining, produce bleach and hydrogen peroxide

Question 10

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 10

Lymphocytes (30%)– T and B cells

Monocytes– high counts in chronic infections

Question 11

What do the monocytes turn into?

Answer 11

macrophages

dendritic cells produce antigen presenting cells

Question 12

Thromobocytes, ie. platelets are NOT cells but rather cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocyte. True or false?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are some functions of the thrombocytes?

Answer 13

Make platelet factor for clot formation

Release serotonin

Vasoconstriction

Question 14

What are the characteristics of plasma? (4)

Answer 14

Yellow colored

55% of total blood volume

90% is water

10% is protein, electrolyte, nutrients, vitamins, waste, hormones, gases

Question 15

Identify the layers of vasculature:

Answer 15

1. Tunica adventitia–connective tissue, contains vaso vasorum
2. Tunica media– elastin and smooth muscle (alpha receptors), thickest in arteries
3. Tunica intima– 1 cell layer thick

Question 16

Where is the tunica adventitia thickest?

Where is the tunica media thickest?

Answer 16

in the veins

in the arteries

Note: Tunica intima is the only layer in capillaries.

Question 17

The elastic vasculature is found mainly where?

The muscular vasculature is found mainly where?

Answer 17

Largest arteries like the aorta.

Medium arteries like the brachial, radial, and tibial.

Question 18

What are characteristics of the arterioles? (2)

Answer 18

Tunica media is 2-3 cell layers thick.

They are the resistance vessels that play major role in distribution and regulation of BP.

Question 19

In the venules, the tunica media is not present. True or false?

Answer 19

false

May or may not be present. If present, may be very thin.

Question 20

What are capacitance vessels capable of holding a large volume of blood with little pressure change?

Answer 20

veins

Note: Veins are a reservoir of 60% of blood volume.

Question 21

What is the order of systemic circulation?

Answer 21

Left heart

Aorta- arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

IVC/SVC

Right heart

Question 22

What is the order of pulmonary circulation?

Answer 22

Right heart

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary arterioles

Pulmonary capillaries

Pulmonary venules

Pulmonary veins

Left heart

Question 23

What is the circulation of the aorta?

Ascending
Aortic arch
Descending aorta

Answer 23

Coronary arteries

Head, neck, upper limbs

Thorax, abdomen, lower limbs

Question 24

Label

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the pulmonary capillaries' function? (3)

Answer 25

1. gas exchange 2. production and metabolism of biochemicals ie serotonin, norepinephirine 3. conversion of inactive to active biochemicals ie angiotensin I to Angio II by ACE

Question 26

What are the sensory visceral afferents?

Answer 26

pain from organs stretch receptors from bladder distension, full stomach

Question 27

What are the motor (visceral) efferents? (3)

Answer 27

smooth muscle-- GI, bronchioles, tunica media of vessels cardiac myocytes glands

Question 28

Sympathetic motor division is what spinal region? Parasympathetic motor division is what spinal region?

Answer 28

thoracolumbar: alpha, beta, epi, norepi, dopamine craniosacral: ACh, muscarinic, nicotinic

Question 29

What effects does sympathetic system have on vasculature? What effect does the parasympathetic system have?

Answer 29

alpha vasoconstriction of tunica media beta vasodilation of skeletal muscle Parasympathetic has no effect because doesn't innervate, but sumpathetic system is unopposed

Question 30

What receptor causes vasoconstriction of the tunica media?

Answer 30

alpha

Question 31

Alpha receptor is responsible for what neural controls?

Answer 31

Vasoconstriction: TM iris dilation intestinal relaxation intestinal sphinctercontraction bladder sphincter contraction

Question 32

Beta receptors are responsible for what type of neural controls?

Answer 32

cardioacceleration (b1): myocytes vasodilation (b2) intestinal relaxation uterus relaxation bronchodilation (b2)

Question 33

Activity of the receptors cause decrease in BP:

Answer 33

decrease in alpha increase in beta

Question 34

What other influences affect bp venous return? (4)

Answer 34

Breathing Ventilator Valsalva Laparoscopic insufflation

Question 35

Where is the vasomotor and cardiac center in the brain?

Answer 35

medulla