Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What are the functiions of blood? (5)
transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
regulating body temperature
Where does blood arise from?
hemocytoblasts in:
spongy bone marrow of femur, humerus, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, cranium
What is the plasma comprised of? (5)
- Water 90%
- Proteins: albumin, antibiodies, clotting factors
- Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl, Ca
- Hormones
- Nutrients & wastes: uric acid, nitrogen, creatinine
What type of blood labs do we take? (3)
CBC complete blood count
BMP basic metabolic panel
Differential: detailed WBC
What type of stem cell exists in the bone marrow?
Pluripotent
Note: Which then can become a myeloid or a lymphoid stem cell.
What are characteristics of erythrocytes? (4)
anucleate
are end products and do not reproduce
transport O2 and CO2 on Hb
comprise 45% of blood volume = Hct
What are characteristics of leukocytes? (3)
protect body against bacteria, viruses, toxins
diapedesis: WBC can leave capillaries, go into tissue (ie. inflammation)
have amoeboid motion
What does differential count (%) comprise of?
granulocytes (-phil)
agranulocytes
What are the types of granulocytes? (3)
Eosinophils– red granules
Basophils– blue granules, release histamine, heparin
Neutrophils (40-70%)– non staining, produce bleach and hydrogen peroxide
What are the types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes (30%)– T and B cells
Monocytes– high counts in chronic infections
What do the monocytes turn into?
macrophages
dendritic cells produce antigen presenting cells
Thromobocytes, ie. platelets are NOT cells but rather cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocyte. True or false?
True
What are some functions of the thrombocytes?
Make platelet factor for clot formation
Release serotonin
Vasoconstriction
What are the characteristics of plasma? (4)
Yellow colored
55% of total blood volume
90% is water
10% is protein, electrolyte, nutrients, vitamins, waste, hormones, gases
Identify the layers of vasculature:
- Tunica adventitia–connective tissue, contains vaso vasorum
- Tunica media– elastin and smooth muscle (alpha receptors), thickest in arteries
- Tunica intima– 1 cell layer thick
Where is the tunica adventitia thickest?
Where is the tunica media thickest?
in the veins
in the arteries
Note: Tunica intima is the only layer in capillaries.
The elastic vasculature is found mainly where?
The muscular vasculature is found mainly where?
Largest arteries like the aorta.
Medium arteries like the brachial, radial, and tibial.
What are characteristics of the arterioles? (2)
Tunica media is 2-3 cell layers thick.
They are the resistance vessels that play major role in distribution and regulation of BP.
In the venules, the tunica media is not present. True or false?
false
May or may not be present. If present, may be very thin.
What are capacitance vessels capable of holding a large volume of blood with little pressure change?
veins
Note: Veins are a reservoir of 60% of blood volume.
What is the order of systemic circulation?
Left heart
Aorta- arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
IVC/SVC
Right heart
What is the order of pulmonary circulation?
Right heart
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arterioles
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary venules
Pulmonary veins
Left heart
What is the circulation of the aorta?
Ascending
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Coronary arteries
Head, neck, upper limbs
Thorax, abdomen, lower limbs
Label
What are the pulmonary capillaries’ function? (3)
- gas exchange
- production and metabolism of biochemicals ie serotonin, norepinephirine
- conversion of inactive to active biochemicals ie angiotensin I to Angio II by ACE
What are the sensory visceral afferents?
pain from organs
stretch receptors from bladder distension, full stomach
What are the motor (visceral) efferents? (3)
smooth muscle– GI, bronchioles, tunica media of vessels
cardiac myocytes
glands
Sympathetic motor division is what spinal region?
Parasympathetic motor division is what spinal region?
thoracolumbar: alpha, beta, epi, norepi, dopamine
craniosacral: ACh, muscarinic, nicotinic
What effects does sympathetic system have on vasculature?
What effect does the parasympathetic system have?
alpha vasoconstriction of tunica media
beta vasodilation of skeletal muscle
Parasympathetic has no effect because doesn’t innervate, but sumpathetic system is unopposed
What receptor causes vasoconstriction of the tunica media?
alpha
Alpha receptor is responsible for what neural controls?
Vasoconstriction: TM
iris dilation
intestinal relaxation
intestinal sphinctercontraction
bladder sphincter contraction
Beta receptors are responsible for what type of neural controls?
cardioacceleration (b1): myocytes
vasodilation (b2)
intestinal relaxation
uterus relaxation
bronchodilation (b2)
Activity of the receptors cause decrease in BP:
decrease in alpha
increase in beta
What other influences affect bp venous return? (4)
Breathing
Ventilator
Valsalva
Laparoscopic insufflation
Where is the vasomotor and cardiac center in the brain?
medulla
