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HT > HT LC U1 > Flashcards

HT LC U1 Flashcards

1
Q

also called microscopic anatomy because of the small details that comprises that comprises the tissues

A

Histology

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2
Q

study of tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs

A

Histology

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3
Q

First to identify a tissue without the use of a microscope

A

Marie Bichat

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4
Q

when and where the first microscopes were constructed

A

1500s, Netherlands

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5
Q

actual inventor of microscope

A

Zacharias Janssen

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6
Q

who invented the first microscope with high magnification and good image quality

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

membrane bound structures within cells

A

Organelles

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8
Q

How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue

A

Tissue structure

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9
Q

How a cell is shaped, and how the components inside cells are organized to support that cells specific function

A

Cellular structure

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10
Q

detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions

A

Sub-cellular structure

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11
Q

molecular analysis of cellular structure

A

Histochemical structure

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12
Q

special proteins called enzymes which enhances a chemical reaction

A

Catalysts

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13
Q

particular structures (usually proteins) that can be synthesized by certain cells like plasma cells so they can produce antibodies which will be utilized by the lymphatic system to fight foreign bodies

A

Antigency

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14
Q

credited with creating the first “histology” that was based on a detailed examination of tissues with the microscope

A

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle

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15
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

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16
Q

Characteristics of matrix

A

Rubber, stony or gelatinous

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17
Q

begins as a single cell that divides into many cells that form layers

A

Embryo

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18
Q

Difference of the Three Primary Germ Layers

A
  1. Ectoderem - outer; epidermis + nervous system
  2. Mesoderm - middle; forms mesenchyme, gives rise to muscle, bone and blood; connective tissues and muscle
  3. Endoderm - inner; mucous membranes and respiratory linings; GI tract and respiratory
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19
Q

reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2-dimensional slice

A

Sectioning

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20
Q

Difference of the 3 types of sections

A
  1. Longitudinal - along the longest direction of an organ
  2. Cross - perpendicular to the length of an organ
  3. Oblique - between cross and longitudinal
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21
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  • one or more layers of closely adhering cells
  • top : flat sheet with upper apical surface
  • bottom : sits on top of basement membrane
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22
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  • most abundant and variable tissue type
  • consists of gelatinous (ground) and fibers with widely spaced cells
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23
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

binding of organs, support, protection movement, storage and transport

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24
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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25
Q

T/F Skeletal muscle completely depends on signaling from the nervous system to work properly.

A

TRUE

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26
Q

T/F Both cardiac and smooth muscle types can respond to other stimuli, such as hormones and local stimuli.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

Two types of cells which compose nervous tissue

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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28
Q

Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons, improve signal conduction in neurons and protect them from pathogens

A

Glial Cells

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29
Q

T/F Staining patterns differ according to the histochemical properties which are brought about by the molecular structures that mainly make up a tissue

A

True

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30
Q

Small biologic entity capable of independent existence

A

Cell

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31
Q

Fertilized cell that undergoes a series of mitotic division and eventually differentiating to form a blastocyte to become a full human being

A

Zygote

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32
Q

Cell constructed by imagination to include parts which are found in the other cells

A

Hypothetical Cell

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33
Q

T/F A cell will not work well if it has only the essentials to support its functions and its existence

A

False

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34
Q

contains materials produced in the cell and formed by the Golgi apparatus

A

Organelles

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35
Q

site of ribosomes and messenger RNA synthesis and contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

A

Nucleolus

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37
Q

site of aerobic respiration and major site of ATP synthesis

A

Mitochondria

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38
Q

Difference of 3 compartments of the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane - cristae which consists of matrix
Mitochondrial matrix - sites of aerobic respiration where energy is produced

39
Q

primary site of secretory protein synthesis and where many ribosomes are attached to

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

40
Q

site of lipid biosynthesis , steroid hormone synthesis, intracellular calcium storage, and for detoxification of oxious metaabolites

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

41
Q

Role of SER in the skeletal muscle and endocrine glands

A

Skeletal muscle - used for release and capture of calcium ions
Endocrine organs - synthesis of steroidal hormones

42
Q

for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Two types of ribosomes

A
  1. Fixed (Attached) - adheres to the members of the ER
  2. Free (Polysomes) - free floating or scattered in the cytosol
44
Q

contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell and turnover cell components

A

Lysosome

45
Q

Two types of Lysosomes

A
  1. Primary lysosomes - small membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes - quiet ones
  2. Secondary lysosomes - formed by the fusion of primary lysosome & a phagocytized foreign body
46
Q

supports the cytoplasm and forms components of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

47
Q

specialized structure that increase surface area of certain cells

A

Microvilli

48
Q

help organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division

A

Centrioles

49
Q

modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles; involved in protein synthesis

A

Golgi Apparatus

50
Q

3 parts of the Factory Assembly Line of Golgi A.

A
  1. Cis Face - face and site of integration of vesicle from RER; entry site from ER (convex)
  2. Medial or Intermediate Face - product manufactured in the RER
  3. Trans Face of Golgi - maturing face; proteins transported to extracellular to CM or intracellular to organelles (concave)
51
Q

Contains materials produced in the cell and formed by the golgi apparatus

A

Secretory Vesicles

52
Q

For proper management of metabolic waste products of the cell

A

Peroxisome

53
Q

Transitory components of the cytoplasm and important for the normal functioning of the cell

A

Cytoplasmic deposits

54
Q

3 Cytoskeletal Components

A
  1. Microfilaments - cell movement and endocytosis
  2. Intermediate Filaments - structural function/support
  3. Microtubules - development and maintenance of cell shape
55
Q

permeability barrier that allows cell to maintain an interior composition far from the extracellular fluid

A

Cell Membrane

56
Q

T/F The phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.

A

False

57
Q

2 Proposed Structure of Cell Membrane

A
  1. Trilaminar Structure - has bilipid layer sandwiched between two layers of protein
  2. Fluid Mosaic Model - globular proteins are compared to icebergs floating on a sea of lipids
58
Q

creates kinks and prevents close packing of hydrophobic tails

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

59
Q

stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol

60
Q

carbohydrate moieties functions as receptors or antigen

A

Glycolipids

61
Q

3 Types of Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Peripheral Proteins - found on the cytoplasmic side of the inner leaflet
  2. Intrinsic/Integral Proteins - segment embedded in one of the leaflets with a lipid anchor
  3. Transmembrane Protein - span the lipid bilayer; function on both sides of the bilayer
62
Q

2 Layers of the Cell

A
  1. Apical Region - faces lumen, connects to ducts and has channels (outer)
  2. Basolateral Region - faces capillary containing tissue; cells attached to underlying connective tissue
63
Q

T/F The functional molecules are those that can create proteins, cytoskeleton, and other organelles found in the cytoplasm.

A

True

64
Q

contains code for all of cell’s enzymes and the command/control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

65
Q

separates the nucleoplasm and isa a double set of membranes with a narrow perinuclear space

A

Nuclear Envelope

66
Q

penetrates the nuclear envelope and are large assemblies of nucleoporins

A

Nuclear Pore Complexes

67
Q

intermediate filament subunits that support the nuclear envelope

A

Lamins

68
Q

DNA organized into fibrous material

A

Chromatin

69
Q

chromatin fibers which coil up as separate structures

A

Chromosomes

70
Q

double layered structure and has gaps

A

Nuclear Membrane

71
Q

maintains the continuity oof transport of material between cytosol and nucleus

A

Nuclear Pore

72
Q

segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or a particular protein

A

Human gene

73
Q

combination of DNA and its associated proteins

A

Chromatin

74
Q

basic proteins that wraps around the DNA molecule

A

Histones

75
Q

extra X chromosome in cells of female mammals

A

Barr body

76
Q

Difference of Chromatin and Chromosome

A

Chromatin - coiled strands of DNA and associated histone protein
Chromosome - tightly packed DNA that are found during cell division

77
Q

Components of chromatin

A

DNA, histones, DNA binding proteins, and RNA

78
Q

Difference of Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

A

Heterochromatin - transcriptionally inactive; 10% chromatin
Euchromatin - transcriptionally active; 90% chromatin

79
Q

Two Type of Heterochromatin

A

Constitutive - Stable heterochromatic; regions of Y chromosome
Facultative - Reversible heterochromatic state; regions of X chromosome

80
Q

basophilic or eletron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunits assembly occur

A

Nucleolus

81
Q

Subregions of active nucleolus

A

Fibrillar - site of transcription
Granular - assembly of rRNA

82
Q

important in maintenance of cell shape and plays a special role in tissue identification and disease diagnosis

A

Cytoskeleton

83
Q

Four phases of the cell cycle

A

G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase, M Phase

84
Q

gap between mitosis and beginning of DNA replication

A

G1 phase

85
Q

period of DNA synthesis

A

S phase

86
Q

gap between DNA duplication and next mitosis

A

G2 Phase

87
Q

cell activities are temporarily or permanently suspended

A

G0 Phase

88
Q

regulate the overall cycling in the cell and activates CDKs

A

Cyclin

89
Q

4 Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A
  1. G1 Checkpoint - check DNA replication, cell size, nutrients, DNA damage and growth factors
  2. Intra S-phase Checkpoint - check DNA damage and DNA replication
  3. G2/M Checkpoint - checks DNA replication
  4. Mitotic Checkpoint - checks chromosome attachment and alignment
90
Q

core components of the cell cycle machinery and promotes progression through cell cycles

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

91
Q

3 Types of Cells in the Cell Cycle

A
  1. Permanent Cells - will never reenter the cell cycle
  2. Labile Cells - keep on recycling/regenerating new cells
  3. Stable Cells - remain in G0 phase and dies easily
92
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase - long period between mitoses
  2. Prophase - chromatin condenses, centromere binds together chromatids
  3. Metaphase - chromosomes condense further, microtubules move to equatorial plate
  4. Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
  5. Telophase - two sets of chromosomes at spindle poles revert to uncondensed; deepened cleavage furrow
93
Q

Two key features of Meiosis

A
  1. Synapsis - double strand breaks and repairs in DNA and crossover happen to produce new combination of genes
  2. Cells produced are haploid - chromosome present in body’s somatic cells
94
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A

Meiosis I - Late Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase/Telophase I
Meiosis II - Metaphase II, Anaphase II / Telophase II

HT (6 decks)

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