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HT > HT LB U1 > Flashcards

HT LB U1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of tissues and focuses on cells structure and arrangement optimize functions specific to each organ

A

Histology

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2
Q

network of both cellular and noncellular materials, intermingled filaments, and fibers provided membranous linings

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Tools used for the collection of Specimen for Histologic Study

A
  • scalpels
  • needles
  • endoscopic tubes
  • special flexible cannulae
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4
Q

any given type of radiation cannot be used to probe on the structural details of an object with a size smaller than its wavelength

A

Microscopy

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5
Q

T/F The light rays are gathered into a focus beam by means of a condenser lens

A

True

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6
Q

uses lens to magnify objects

A

Light Microscopy

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7
Q

T/F The light source is an electric bulb with tungsten filament.

A

True

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8
Q

Types of Light Microscopes

A
  1. Bright-field Microscope
  2. Dark-field Microscope
  3. Phase Contrast Microscope
  4. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscope
  5. Fluorescence Microscope
  6. Confocal Microscope
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9
Q

Two Fundamental Types of Microscope

A
  1. Light Microscope - uses light
  2. Electron Microscope - uses electron beams
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10
Q

Types of Electron Microscopes

A
  1. Transmission Electron Microscope
  2. Scanning Electron Microscope
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11
Q

where light rays are focused at a specific place

A

Focal point

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12
Q

distance between center of lens and focal point

A

Focal length

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13
Q

T/F Shorter focal length > more magnification

A

True

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14
Q

microscope that produces a dark image against a brighter background

A

Bright-Field Microscope

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15
Q

remain in focus when objectives are changed

A

Parfocal microscopes

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16
Q

ocular lens + objective lens

A

Total magnification

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17
Q

ability of lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together

A

Microscopic Solution

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18
Q

distance between front surface of lens and surface of cover glass or specimen

A

Working Distance

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19
Q

Magnification of Objective Lenses

A
  1. Scanning - 4x
  2. Low Power - 10x
  3. High Power - 40x-45x
  4. Oil Immersion - 90-100x
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20
Q

Difference of Bright-Field and Dark-Field

A
  1. Bright Field - dark image against brighter background
  2. Dark-Field - bright image against dark background
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21
Q

convert differences in refractive index / cell density into detected variations in light intensity

A

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

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22
Q

creates image by detecting differences in refractive indices and thickness of different parts of specimen

A

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC) Microscope

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23
Q

exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light. Specimens are usually strained with fluorochromes

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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24
Q

creates sharp, composite 3D images of specimens by using laser beam, aperture to eliminate stray light, and computer interface

A

Confocal Microscope

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25
Q

Electrons replace light as the illuminating beam

A

Electron Microscopy

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26
Q

Transmitted electrons are under vacuum which reduces scatter and are used to produce clear images

A

TEM

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27
Q

Morse Type. For TEM, specimens must be
cut very thinly. Specimens are chemically fixed and strained with electron dense materials, such as heavy metals, that differentially scatter electrons.

A

Both T

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28
Q

Freeze specimen then fracture along lines of greatest weakness

A

Freeze-etching

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29
Q

Uses electrons excited from the surface of a specimen to create a detailed image

A

SEM

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30
Q

Rapid freezing technique provides way to preserve native of structures examined in vacuum

A

Electron Cryotomography

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31
Q

useful in the study of individual organelles

A

Cell Fractionation

32
Q

physical and chemical properties of individual cells within a heterogenous population

A

Flow cytometry

33
Q

visualization and interpretation of microscopic sections derived from cells and tissues

A

Enzyme Immunochemistry

34
Q

demonstrates specific DNA or mRNA sequences and localization of genes within a specific chromosome or messenger RNA

A

In situ hybridization

35
Q

most important step in the preparation of tissue specimens

A

Fixation

36
Q

Type of Fixation that is routinely used with bacteria and archaea and preserves overall morphology but not internal structures

A

Heat Fixation

37
Q

Type of Fixation that is used with larger, more delicate organisms and protects fine cellular substructure and morphology

A

Chemical Fixation

38
Q

chemical compounds where tissues are composed in

A

Fixatives

39
Q

Morse Type. Tissue processing is a long procedure and required ​24 hours​. Tissue processing can be done by manually or mechanically.

A

Both T

40
Q

Tissues are dehydrated by using increasing strength of alcohol; e.g. 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%

A

Dehydration

41
Q

alcohol should be replaced by paraffin wax

A

Clearing

42
Q

tissue permeated with embedding medium

A

Wax Impregnation

43
Q

plastic resin used in embedding tissue

A

Epon or araldite

44
Q

process by which we give colour to a section

A

Staining

45
Q

make internal and external structures of the cell more visible by increasing contrast with background

A

Dyes

46
Q

Characteristics basic dyes

A
  • positively charged groups
  • binds to negatively charged molecules
  • nucleic acids
47
Q

Basic Dyes

A

Methylene Blue, Basic Fuchsin, Crystal Violet, Safranin, Malachite Green

48
Q

Characteristics acidic dyes

A
  • negatively charged
  • binds to positively charged cell structures
49
Q

Acidic Dyes

A

Eosin, Rose Bengal, Acid Fuchsin

50
Q

a single stain is used

A

Simple Stains

51
Q

Divides microorganisms into groups based on their staining properties

A

Differential Staining

52
Q

Two types of Differential Staining

A
  1. Gram Stain : Crystal Violet, Safranin
  2. Acid-fast Stain : Eosin, Rose Bengal
53
Q

stain used to detect presence or absence of
structures

A

Differential Stain

54
Q

Particularly useful for staining members of the genus Mycobacterium

A

Acid-Fast Staining

55
Q

T/F High Lipid content in cell walls (mycolic acid) is responsible for their staining characteristics.

A

True

56
Q

Two Types of Dyes

A
  1. Basophilic - Basic Dye
  2. Acidophilic - Acid Dye
57
Q

Common stain used

A
  1. Hematoxylin - primary stain
  2. Eosin - counterstain
58
Q

Histotechniques

A
  1. Numbering/Accessioning
  2. Fixation
  3. Dehydration
  4. Clearing
  5. Wax Impregnation
  6. Embedding
  7. Blocking and Trimming
  8. Sectioning
  9. Staining
  10. Mounting
  11. Labelling
59
Q

This stain demonstrates glycogen

A

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) ​Stain​

60
Q

used for identification of amyloid

A

Congo-Red

61
Q

used for fat staining

A

Sudan-Black

62
Q

used for differentiation of connective tissue

A

Masson’s Trichrome

63
Q

instrument used for sectioning

A

Microtome

64
Q

method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections

A

Autoradiography

65
Q

incorporated into specific macromolecules and emit weak radiation

A

Radioactive Isotopes

66
Q

developed like a film on a slide with a cover slip and viewed under a light microscope

A

Emulsion

67
Q

Localization of enzymes in a tissue sample

A

Enzyme Histochemistry

68
Q

fixed or fresh specimens incubated with chemically labeled or enzymatically labeled antibodies to detect antigens

A

Immunohistochemistry

69
Q

chemicals that absorb light of different wavelengths and then emit visible light of a specific wavelength

A

Fluorescent dyes

70
Q

most common dye for Immunochemistry

A

Fluorescein

71
Q

glycoproteins produced by a cell of the immune system

A

Antibodies

72
Q

uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label

A

Direct Immunocytochemistry

73
Q

uses primary antibody and secondary antibody

A

Indirect Immunocytochemistry

74
Q

DNA is a double helix chain and is going to be separated on each chains with the process raising the temperature to a sufficient amount of 95°C

A

Denaturing

75
Q

Primase acts on the separated chains and reading it from an end to another

A

Annealing

76
Q

Cells are grown in vitro (outside the body) to form explanted tissue or as long as cell lines

A

In Vitro Cultivation

77
Q

Study of malignant or normal cells

A

Rationale

HT (6 decks)

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