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HPL Flashcards

1
Q

Various technologies are now used to avoid undesired aircraft states. ACAS and GPWS are examples. Threat and error management identifies human resource or crew task in preserving safety margins to first acknowledge that risks are present and then to:

A

Avoid threats, trap errors and mitigate their effects

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2
Q

In context of TEM, environmental threats are those occurring during operations. Which of the following may be classified as environmental traps?

A

Weather, Terrain, ATC and airports

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3
Q

Small cells inside the cochlea send tiny electrical currents to the cortex of the brain where they decoded into sound pattern. What is the neural pathway?

A

Auditory nerves

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4
Q

Which of the following is a list of major infectious diseases that are fatal and severely incapacitate individuals?

A

Pneumonia, TB, Diarrhoea disease, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS

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5
Q

A sufferer of decompression sickness must be

A

Kept warm, rested and put to 100% oxygen, on landing, medical assistance must be sought even if person appears to have recovered

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6
Q

In normal operating altitudes of conventional aircraft, the percentage by volume of oxygen in ambient air

A

Remains constant

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7
Q

What is the unit of measurement for intensity of sound

A

Decibel

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8
Q

A gastrointestinal upset will instantly and primarily result in

A

Nausea and vomiting

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9
Q

As altitude increases the overall pressure of the various gases in the atmosphere

A

Decreases

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10
Q

What is hypertension

A

A state of high blood pressure

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11
Q

During take off and climbout from a well lit runway, on a dark night with little or no horizon

A

The pilot should transition fully onto the instrument as soon as practicable and disregard body sensations

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12
Q

Adaptations with regards to the eye is

A

The ability of The Eye to bring about a change in sensitivity caused by a prolonged period of darkness or brightness

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13
Q

Bottles Law started that XXX. This means that as altitude _____ the volume of air in the body cavities ____

A

Increase, increases

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14
Q

The function of The Central nervous system is

A

To issue nerve impulses and analyses sensory data

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15
Q

With respect to time zone changes

A

Westward flights will usually create less cicardian disrythmmia than eastward flights

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16
Q

With regards to hypoxia the TUC is

A

The period if which exceeded a person many be unable to take corrective action even though they may remain conscious

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17
Q

The fovea or centre of fovea possesses a high degree of cones. This causes

A

Best acuity in this small area of The Eye

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18
Q

Recognise harmful effect of obesity is the increased chances of developing

A

Diabetes

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19
Q

Conductive deafness is caused by

A

Any damage to the ossicles or ear drum

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20
Q

Barotrauma is

A

Pain due to expanding trapped gasese in the ears, sinuses or in the teeth

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21
Q

Presbycusis is caused by

A

Age related factors

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22
Q

The leans

A

Can occur because at certain sub threshold “Levels of simulation” the semi circular canals do not register movement

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23
Q

Ozone is concentrated in the

A

Upper atmosphere above the troposphere

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24
Q

A major cause of inflight incapacitation is

A

Gastro-enterities

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25
Q

The selection of sloping jet vapour trail or sloping cloud bank as a visual reference is an example of

A

The false horizon decision of level flight

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26
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning is a toxic hazard which is particularly related

A

It is Colour less, odourless and can cause unconsciousness and death if not detected or removed

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27
Q

If two aircrafts are on straight flight and on collision course… Because of the nature of human vision, there’s chance one of the other Pilots can see the aircraft in time to avoid a collision is when he/she

A

Has been looking more or less straight in the direction of the aircraft within an arc of 20deg for not less than 2 seconds

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28
Q

The retina is

A

A light sensitive screen lining the inside of the eyeball

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29
Q

A short term detrimental effect of cigarette smoking in flight is the

A

Absorption of carbon monoxide into the blood in the preference of oxygen

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30
Q

At approx what altitude in the standard atmosphere will the pressure be 1/4 the standard MSL pressure

A

33800ft (36000ft is best)

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31
Q

A pilot is making an approach to land for the first on the runway which have significant upslope. The danger is

A

A shallower than normal approach will be made

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32
Q

Reflex reactions

A

Occur when muscle respond involuntarily and sometimes unconsciously to stimulus

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33
Q

The black hole visual illusion can occur

A

When a night approach is made over unlit terrain such as water and he pilot may perceive that they are higher than they actually are

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34
Q

Knowing where the aircraft has been, where is, and where it is going in terms of the 4D of flight is called

A

Situational awareness

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35
Q

What is hypo vigilance

A

A state of decreased wakefulness

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36
Q

Synergy is a term used to describe

A

Performance of the group exceeds the sum of the performance of the individual within the group

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37
Q

Human info processing can be considered which recalled is made these are

A

Short term memory, Long term memory, working memory

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38
Q

The increased arousal verging on panic generated by a sudden emergency situation

A

Can affect decision making negatively causing load shedding

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39
Q

Risks or problems associated with rule based behaviour are

A

Error of commission and departure from SOP

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40
Q

According to SELYE GAS the response to acute stress takes 3 stages. These stages are

A

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

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41
Q

What does the term automation complacency means

A

An excessive reliance on automation, the situational awareness is reduced because of the belief of the infallibility of the automatic system

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42
Q

An important quality of safe effective pilot

A

Being a team player

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43
Q

Which are the most important environmental stressors in aviation

A

Noise, temperature, vibration

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44
Q

In the acquisition of the motor skill, the stage where the total exercises or manoeuvre can be executed smoothly without conscious control

A

Automatic phase

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45
Q

Part of the long term memory is known as semantic memory. This is where info and knowledge

A

General knowledge of the world, language, lists and numbers are stored

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46
Q

Question on downward slope

A

Aircraft below downward slope

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47
Q

What is monocular cue of depth perception

A

Parallex Error

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48
Q

What is the most common cause of accidents for aircraft

A

CFIT

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49
Q

When you are turning, you undergo angular deceleration, what do you experience

A

Somatogyral

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50
Q

What is competency

A

Knowledge, skill, ability

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51
Q

What is obesity

A

Beyond being overweight which affects health

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52
Q

What does the black hole effect takes place

A

Affect approach, take steeper approach

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53
Q

What supplies oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

Coronary arteries and veins

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54
Q

Referring to Yerkes-Dobson curve, optimal performance is at

A

Between Low and high arousal

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55
Q

“One cannot not communicate”, why?

A

Human state says interaction is an integral part of communication

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56
Q

Reflex is

A

Take hand away from pain

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57
Q

How does situational awareness contribute to flight safety

A

Reduction of error sources and elimination of error

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58
Q

Why is personal hygiene important

A

To not let body odour affect other crew performance

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59
Q

Caffeine will start to affect performance at

A

100mg

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60
Q

What is angular acceleration

A

Simultaneous change in speed and direction through pilot axis

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61
Q

Light through propeller

A

Vestibular system, flicker vertigo

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62
Q

Evaluating info for decision making

A

Risk assessment

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63
Q

Cosmic/galactic radiation

A

Photons, alpha particles from outside solar system interacting with earth atmosphere

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64
Q

Aircraft handling, procedural and communication - which one is a procedural error

A

Go around

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65
Q

In a normal healthy person, the systolic pressure is

A

120mm Hg

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66
Q

Somatogyral illusion is also known as

A

Graveyard spin

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67
Q

When AC rolls out from a prolonged turn, he experiences a turn to the opp direction - what is this illusion

A

Somatogyral illusion

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68
Q

Sloping cloud

A

Artificial horizon

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69
Q

While flying VFR “wings level” on TOP of clouds at 10000ft, your artificial horizon indicates a 20deg turn

A

Trust instrument and level off according to the instrument read out

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70
Q

Diff between oculogyral and somatogyral illusion

A

Somatogyral illusion - False sensation, or lack of sensation, experienced by a pilot undergoing angular acceleration

Oculogyral illusion - False sensation of visual movement of an object viewed by the pilot. The pilot experiencing this will see objects in front of him/her to be moving in the opp direction

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71
Q

What is auto kinesis

A

Staring at an isolated and stationary light when other visual references are inadequate or absent may cause autokinetic movements of the eyes. This gives illusion that the light is moving and can lead pilot or believe that a single star is another aircraft

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72
Q

Pilot flying was turning, turn head backwards and feel nausea, it is called

A

Acute vertigo

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73
Q

When is left turn, non PIC reaches back to touch controls

A

Corollas Effect + Vertigo

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74
Q

Black hole effect is ____ around the airfield

A

Featureless

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75
Q

Define black hole effect

A

Pilot looks 3 to 4m off his focal Low light stimuli

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76
Q

____ - rotor turning with background lights

A

Flicker vertigo

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77
Q

You fly with a head cold, what happens

A

Vertigo in the_____

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78
Q

The vol of oxygen in a pressure cabin when climb altitude

A

Remains constant (until 70000ft)

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79
Q

The partial pressure of the volume of air will _____ when altitude increases

A

Decrease

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80
Q

What happens to partial pressure when altitude increases

A

Decreases

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81
Q

3/4 pressure at height

A

8000’

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82
Q

At 1/4 partial pressure, what altitude

A

36000’

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83
Q

What is measurement of partial pressure

A

Mm Hg

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84
Q

JAR ops allows _____ for flight

A

20mg / 100ml

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85
Q

JAR OPS alcohol limit

A

Alcohol limit 20mg / 100ml

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86
Q

15mg / 100ml takes ______ to clear

A

1 hour

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87
Q

What is the most common incapacitation

A

Gastro-enteritis

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88
Q

Gastro-intestinal -

A

Pain and discomfort

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89
Q

After heavy lunch, you suffer stomach pain, sweating, etc… what is this?

A

Gastro-enteritis

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90
Q

Gastro-intestinal problems, primary reaction is

A

Nausea & vomitting

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91
Q

TUC

A

Depends on altitude and exercise (physical)

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92
Q

What is the most dangerous form of incapacitation

A

Insidious

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93
Q

First stage of decision making

A

Perception

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94
Q

If an individual joins a group, he makes decision according to the group, he is

A

Conformity

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95
Q

What is a symptom of fatigue

A

Blurred vision

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96
Q

What will affect acuity

A

Hypoxia

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97
Q

Free running time

A

Is regulated by Zeitgebers

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98
Q

When info is sensed by the sensory

A

Short Term memory keeps the relevant information and discards the rest

99
Q

If cabin pressure is not working and you are flying above 10000ft

A

Rapidly descend to 10000ft or MSA, whichever higher

100
Q

What is in the inner ear

A

Semi-circular canals and otoliths

101
Q

E-tube connects the

A

Middle ear and throat to equalise the pressure

102
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Purpose is to equalise pressure between middle ear and environment

103
Q

For noise induced hearing loss what is the decibel

A

95db

104
Q

We can hear sound from

A

20 - 20000Hz

105
Q

_____ when the sound is no longer noted sub-consciously

A

Sensory adaptation (habituation)

106
Q

Semi circular canal. What are the sensors within

A

Hair in fluid

107
Q

Angular acceleration is detected by

A

Semi circular canals

108
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Damage to ear drum / ossicles

109
Q

Barotrauma

A

Pain caused by air trapped in cavities of the body

110
Q

Trapped gas in the joints and teeth

A

Barotrauma

111
Q

_____ - Teeth

A

Aerodontalgia

112
Q

In a collision course scenario, how to scan for fixed object on collision course

A

40deg off peripheral vision

113
Q

Adaptation, what is it

A

Ability of eye to change focal length

114
Q

What is presbyopia

A

A form of long sightedness caused by the lens of The Eye losing its elasticity with age. The loss of elasticity means that the lens can no longer accommodate fully and will result in close objects becoming blurred. A common condition in those more than 45 years of age, but easily corrected with a weak convex lens

115
Q

Presbyopia affected by

A

Age

116
Q

Presbycusis

A

Old age (hearing loss)

117
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner lining

118
Q

____ - to change the shape of lens to get acuity

A

Accommodation

119
Q

When we hear, electrical signals are sent to brain via

A

Audio nerves

120
Q

When we see, electrical signals are sent to the brain via

A

Optic nerves

121
Q

Fovea

A

Mainly cone for best visual acuity

Small area of focused visual acuity

122
Q

What are cones and rods

A

Cones are used for direct vision in good light and are Colour sensitive

Rods can only detect black and white but are much more sensitive at lower light levels. Rods are responsible for our peripheral vision

123
Q

Stereopsis

A

Where monocular is lack of_____

124
Q

Empty field myopia

A

Absence of anything to focus

125
Q

Settles general adaptation system (GAS), what is the 3 points of acute stress

A

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

126
Q

GAS

A

Self regulating

Psychological, psychosomatic and somatic reaction

127
Q

ANS

A

Sweating, digestion, respiration and not consciously

128
Q

CNS

A

Issue nerve impulses and Analysing sensing

129
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Does not constitute danger

130
Q

What is anaemia

A

Low red blood cell count

131
Q

Hypertension is a state of

A

High blood pressure

132
Q

Which part pumps blood from heart to lungs

A

Right ventricle

133
Q

Coronary artery and veins transport blood to

A

Heart

134
Q

Blood cells are made in

A

Bone marrow

135
Q

First time flying, anxious, breathe very fast

A

Hyperventilation

136
Q

How to prevent hyperglycemia

A

Eat food containing simple sugar to quickly raise blood sugar and also food containing complex sugar to provide sugar for Long term use

137
Q

DCS. What are the treatment

A

Rest, give 100% oxygen, seek medical after landing

138
Q

The bends

A

Decompression sickness

139
Q

Anti-histamine

A

Cause drowsiness

140
Q

In Yerkes-Dodson model, the

A

Optimal arousal is the halfway point between Low and high arousal

141
Q

Errors of rule based behaviour

A

Error of commission, departure from rules

142
Q

Pilot engrossed on a single need…. is called a

A

Blinkered concentration

143
Q

L

A

Pilot/live ware

144
Q

Ozone too much, how

A

Irritant to lungs and sever headache

145
Q

Ozone later

A

Above tropopause

146
Q

When climbing past FL130, pilot select QNH1013, he is using

A

Semantic memory

147
Q

When descending from 41000ft, passing 13000ft, you need to tune QNH, what are you using

A

Semantic memory

148
Q

Type of memory

A

Sensory, STM, LTM

149
Q

Malaria spread by

A

Mosquitoes

150
Q

Free running circadian rhythm

A

Regulated by Zeitgebers

151
Q

____ - max in sleep credit/debit system

A

16 points

152
Q

In TEM - Environmental threat

A

Weather

153
Q

Threat and error system

A

Report all occurrences to improve system

154
Q

When pilot avoids responsibilities

A

Resignation

155
Q

Flying westwards takes lesser time to adapt than flying eastwards

A

…

156
Q

LL in shell model

A

Humans - Humans

157
Q

Environmental capture

A

Error brought upon by habits

158
Q

‘On time’ performance

A

External factors leading to error

159
Q

What is the most common type of accident

A

CFIT

160
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain generally due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries

161
Q

What is the basis of perception

A

Interpretation

162
Q

What does obesity in the risk of

A

Diabetes

163
Q

What is ICAO standard atmosphere

A

+15deg Celsius at sea level & 1.98deg Celsius per 1000ft lapse rate

164
Q

Which of the following will affect visual acuity of pilot in flight

A

Hypoxia

165
Q

Which of the following is a positive attribute of decision making

A

Self confidence

166
Q

What is the purpose of CNS

A

Sends nerve impulses and interprets sensory data

167
Q

What amount of caffeine can begin to affect human performance

A

250mg

168
Q

How best to avoid disorientation

A

Switch to instrument flying before losing sight of horizon

169
Q

What is hypovigilance

A

Lack of alertness

170
Q

What is absolute humidity

A

Amount of water vapour in the air that can be held measured in g/m3

171
Q

Within normal flight altitudes, how does the amount of oxygen, as a percentage of volume, in the atmosphere change

A

Constant

172
Q

Which is an example of procedural error?

A

Missing a checklist item

173
Q

What is the difference between behaviour and personality

A

Behaviour is what is seen by others and personality is developed from birth and growing up

174
Q

How are signals from cochlea sent to cortex

A

Auditory nerve

175
Q

How does habituation affect flight safety

A

Reduce sensory sensitivity to stimuli

176
Q

What is hypoglycemia

A

Affects crew performance but can be prevented by having regular and proper meals

177
Q

What is adaptation

A

Adjusting the sensitivity of the eyes to levels of light and darkness

178
Q

When a pilot feels the sensation of turning in the opp direction when decelerating after a prolonged turn, the illusion is

A

Somatogyral illusion

179
Q

Which of the following statement of sleep is true

A

Travelling from east to west causing less circadian disrhythemia

180
Q

What causes barotraumas

A

Entrapped gases in sinus, ear and teeth

181
Q

With sun shining through the propellers and into cockpit, occupants

A

May suffer from dizziness and feel unwell, flicker vertigo

182
Q

High concentrations of ozone will cause

A

Irritation to the respiratory tract and cause coughing

183
Q

About half of all sleep is

A

Stage 2

184
Q

Which is true concerning malaria

A

Some prophylactic and standby drugs are not suitable for aircrew

185
Q

Which is true of the retina

A

Has rods and cones

186
Q

Rule based behaviour is stored ____ and requires ____ control

A

Long term memory, conscious

187
Q

When a person decides to use a skill, The Central decision maker

A

Monitors behaviour to Ensure correct skill is used

188
Q

What is true about heat stress in cockpit

A

Can be both physical and mental stress

189
Q

What is true of stress

A

Performance positive or negative, feeling positive and negative

190
Q

What is true about skills

A

One skill, many continuous conscious control

191
Q

Linear and angular acceleration are detected by

A

Otoliths and semi circular canal

192
Q

Ear discomfort experience during rapid ascent and descent and more commonly during descent is due to the pressure difference in the cabin and _____and the pressure difference can be equalised using the _____

A

Middle ear, Eustachian tube

193
Q

Motor skills require

A

Conscious thought, not conscious control

194
Q

Leans

A

Last up to 1 hour, even with aid of instruments

195
Q

Pilot suffering from neurotic illness such as depression

A

Return is to flying after a period of good health and off all drugs

196
Q

During glide slope maintenance

A

Visual texture flows away from impact point and the visual angle between this point and the horizon remains constant

197
Q

Ability to focus is affected by the refractive power of

A

Lens and cornea

198
Q

Stress affects an individual

A

Confidence level and his performance

199
Q

What is true of the circadian rhythm of a long haul pilot

A

Constantly adjusting

200
Q

Angina

A

Causes obstruction of the coronary flow

201
Q

What is true of hyperventilation

A

It can be stopped by breathing in and out a paper bag

It reduces the diameter of the arteries to the brain

202
Q

A person has taken a considerable amount of alcohol. What is the rate of removal

A

It is unreliable to calculate rate of removal

203
Q

Effect of arousal on performance due to stress is

A

Greatly beneficial at the midpoint of arousal, and fall greatly at both ends

204
Q

Domestic stress to pilot

A

Does not only confined to the Pilot’s home life

205
Q

On designing cockpit seats, lumbar support causes the compression load on discs along the vertebrate in spine

A

Evenly in the discs

206
Q

The commander, after making a decision, should

A

Gently discourage his subordinates from expressing doubts to prevent confidence and trust in commander to be affected

207
Q

Pilot exercising skill based behaviour, central decision making

A

Monitoring behaviour of right skill used

208
Q

Without supplementary supply, the percentage of oxygen that enters the bloodstream at 15000ft, as compared to MSL is

A

70%

209
Q

Mental model is based upon

A

Predominantly information from the senses

210
Q

If a pilot is suffering from neurotic illness like depression, he will

A

Be allowed back to flying duties after a period of good health, off all forms of medication and treatment for the condition

211
Q

Likelihood of gross error in reading of digital altimeter

A

Virtually none

212
Q

Runway approach, the extended sides of runway

A

Intersect above or below the horizon depending on the slope of the runway and the glideslope

213
Q

What is just culture

A

A clear distinction between right and wrong

214
Q

What is non punitive culture

A

Trust dependent, no blame no shame

215
Q

Decompression bends occurs most frequently at

A

> 25000ft

216
Q

First stage of positive G

A

Grey out

217
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Damage to ossicles and ear drums

218
Q

At what value will conductive deafness result?

A

80+ db

219
Q

Define error

A

Action/decisions that lead to unintended negative outcomes

220
Q

Black hole effect

A

Small light appears dimmer
Over water at night with no light, pilot appears higher
Featureless terrain

221
Q

Atmospheric composition in the troposphere

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% Argon

222
Q

Alveoli and atmospheric partial pressure, which is higher

A

Alveoli. As it is warmer and wetter

223
Q

Concentration of cones in fovea will lead to

A

Acuity

224
Q

Caffeine intake to increase error

A

300mg

225
Q

Pax travelling above 41000ft, pain in the knees, itchy left hand, recently went boating

A

Bends (DCS)

226
Q

When a pilot experiences head cold, what should he do

A

Do not fly because it can lead to damage to ear drums and sinus due to barotrauma

227
Q

Anti histamine

A

Drowsiness, nausea and vomiting

228
Q

Jump to conclusion

A

Impulsiveness

229
Q

ICAO standard of partial pressure

A

mm Hg

230
Q

Perception is

A

Comprehension and/or understanding

231
Q

On time performance

A

External factors

232
Q

TEM

A

ATM - Avoid, Trap and Mitigate

233
Q

As altitude increases, the overall pressure of the various gases in the atmosphere

A

Decreases

234
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As altitude increases, volume of air in the cavity increases

235
Q

What is self esteem

A

Know your own strength and weaknesses

236
Q

LCB related

A

Has been looking more or less straight in the direction of the other aircraft within an arc of 20deg for not less than 2 seconds

237
Q

The leans

A

Can occur because at certain sub threshold levels of stimulation, the semi-circular canals do not register movements

238
Q

A short term detrimental effect of cigarette smoking inflight is the

A

Absorption of CO in preference to O2 in blood

239
Q

What does TUC depends on

A

Altitude, fitness…

240
Q

Cones give what kind of vision

A

Main acuity

241
Q

Which of these is a procedural error

A

Missing checklist items

242
Q

NIHL

A

95db

243
Q

How to improve situational awareness

A

Constantly monitor for errors thus maintaining situational awareness

Banks (5 decks)

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