HPL Flashcards
Various technologies are now used to avoid undesired aircraft states. ACAS and GPWS are examples. Threat and error management identifies human resource or crew task in preserving safety margins to first acknowledge that risks are present and then to:
Avoid threats, trap errors and mitigate their effects
In context of TEM, environmental threats are those occurring during operations. Which of the following may be classified as environmental traps?
Weather, Terrain, ATC and airports
Small cells inside the cochlea send tiny electrical currents to the cortex of the brain where they decoded into sound pattern. What is the neural pathway?
Auditory nerves
Which of the following is a list of major infectious diseases that are fatal and severely incapacitate individuals?
Pneumonia, TB, Diarrhoea disease, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS
A sufferer of decompression sickness must be
Kept warm, rested and put to 100% oxygen, on landing, medical assistance must be sought even if person appears to have recovered
In normal operating altitudes of conventional aircraft, the percentage by volume of oxygen in ambient air
Remains constant
What is the unit of measurement for intensity of sound
Decibel
A gastrointestinal upset will instantly and primarily result in
Nausea and vomiting
As altitude increases the overall pressure of the various gases in the atmosphere
Decreases
What is hypertension
A state of high blood pressure
During take off and climbout from a well lit runway, on a dark night with little or no horizon
The pilot should transition fully onto the instrument as soon as practicable and disregard body sensations
Adaptations with regards to the eye is
The ability of The Eye to bring about a change in sensitivity caused by a prolonged period of darkness or brightness
Bottles Law started that XXX. This means that as altitude _____ the volume of air in the body cavities ____
Increase, increases
The function of The Central nervous system is
To issue nerve impulses and analyses sensory data
With respect to time zone changes
Westward flights will usually create less cicardian disrythmmia than eastward flights
With regards to hypoxia the TUC is
The period if which exceeded a person many be unable to take corrective action even though they may remain conscious
The fovea or centre of fovea possesses a high degree of cones. This causes
Best acuity in this small area of The Eye
Recognise harmful effect of obesity is the increased chances of developing
Diabetes
Conductive deafness is caused by
Any damage to the ossicles or ear drum
Barotrauma is
Pain due to expanding trapped gasese in the ears, sinuses or in the teeth
Presbycusis is caused by
Age related factors
The leans
Can occur because at certain sub threshold “Levels of simulation” the semi circular canals do not register movement
Ozone is concentrated in the
Upper atmosphere above the troposphere
A major cause of inflight incapacitation is
Gastro-enterities
The selection of sloping jet vapour trail or sloping cloud bank as a visual reference is an example of
The false horizon decision of level flight
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a toxic hazard which is particularly related
It is Colour less, odourless and can cause unconsciousness and death if not detected or removed
If two aircrafts are on straight flight and on collision course… Because of the nature of human vision, there’s chance one of the other Pilots can see the aircraft in time to avoid a collision is when he/she
Has been looking more or less straight in the direction of the aircraft within an arc of 20deg for not less than 2 seconds
The retina is
A light sensitive screen lining the inside of the eyeball
A short term detrimental effect of cigarette smoking in flight is the
Absorption of carbon monoxide into the blood in the preference of oxygen
At approx what altitude in the standard atmosphere will the pressure be 1/4 the standard MSL pressure
33800ft (36000ft is best)
A pilot is making an approach to land for the first on the runway which have significant upslope. The danger is
A shallower than normal approach will be made
Reflex reactions
Occur when muscle respond involuntarily and sometimes unconsciously to stimulus
The black hole visual illusion can occur
When a night approach is made over unlit terrain such as water and he pilot may perceive that they are higher than they actually are
Knowing where the aircraft has been, where is, and where it is going in terms of the 4D of flight is called
Situational awareness
What is hypo vigilance
A state of decreased wakefulness
Synergy is a term used to describe
Performance of the group exceeds the sum of the performance of the individual within the group
Human info processing can be considered which recalled is made these are
Short term memory, Long term memory, working memory
The increased arousal verging on panic generated by a sudden emergency situation
Can affect decision making negatively causing load shedding
Risks or problems associated with rule based behaviour are
Error of commission and departure from SOP
According to SELYE GAS the response to acute stress takes 3 stages. These stages are
Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
What does the term automation complacency means
An excessive reliance on automation, the situational awareness is reduced because of the belief of the infallibility of the automatic system
An important quality of safe effective pilot
Being a team player
Which are the most important environmental stressors in aviation
Noise, temperature, vibration
In the acquisition of the motor skill, the stage where the total exercises or manoeuvre can be executed smoothly without conscious control
Automatic phase
Part of the long term memory is known as semantic memory. This is where info and knowledge
General knowledge of the world, language, lists and numbers are stored
Question on downward slope
Aircraft below downward slope
What is monocular cue of depth perception
Parallex Error
What is the most common cause of accidents for aircraft
CFIT
When you are turning, you undergo angular deceleration, what do you experience
Somatogyral
What is competency
Knowledge, skill, ability
What is obesity
Beyond being overweight which affects health
What does the black hole effect takes place
Affect approach, take steeper approach
What supplies oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the heart
Coronary arteries and veins
Referring to Yerkes-Dobson curve, optimal performance is at
Between Low and high arousal
“One cannot not communicate”, why?
Human state says interaction is an integral part of communication
Reflex is
Take hand away from pain
How does situational awareness contribute to flight safety
Reduction of error sources and elimination of error
Why is personal hygiene important
To not let body odour affect other crew performance
Caffeine will start to affect performance at
100mg
What is angular acceleration
Simultaneous change in speed and direction through pilot axis
Light through propeller
Vestibular system, flicker vertigo
Evaluating info for decision making
Risk assessment
Cosmic/galactic radiation
Photons, alpha particles from outside solar system interacting with earth atmosphere
Aircraft handling, procedural and communication - which one is a procedural error
Go around
In a normal healthy person, the systolic pressure is
120mm Hg
Somatogyral illusion is also known as
Graveyard spin
When AC rolls out from a prolonged turn, he experiences a turn to the opp direction - what is this illusion
Somatogyral illusion
Sloping cloud
Artificial horizon
While flying VFR “wings level” on TOP of clouds at 10000ft, your artificial horizon indicates a 20deg turn
Trust instrument and level off according to the instrument read out
Diff between oculogyral and somatogyral illusion
Somatogyral illusion - False sensation, or lack of sensation, experienced by a pilot undergoing angular acceleration
Oculogyral illusion - False sensation of visual movement of an object viewed by the pilot. The pilot experiencing this will see objects in front of him/her to be moving in the opp direction
What is auto kinesis
Staring at an isolated and stationary light when other visual references are inadequate or absent may cause autokinetic movements of the eyes. This gives illusion that the light is moving and can lead pilot or believe that a single star is another aircraft
Pilot flying was turning, turn head backwards and feel nausea, it is called
Acute vertigo
When is left turn, non PIC reaches back to touch controls
Corollas Effect + Vertigo
Black hole effect is ____ around the airfield
Featureless
Define black hole effect
Pilot looks 3 to 4m off his focal Low light stimuli
____ - rotor turning with background lights
Flicker vertigo
You fly with a head cold, what happens
Vertigo in the_____
The vol of oxygen in a pressure cabin when climb altitude
Remains constant (until 70000ft)
The partial pressure of the volume of air will _____ when altitude increases
Decrease
What happens to partial pressure when altitude increases
Decreases
3/4 pressure at height
8000’
At 1/4 partial pressure, what altitude
36000’
What is measurement of partial pressure
Mm Hg
JAR ops allows _____ for flight
20mg / 100ml
JAR OPS alcohol limit
Alcohol limit 20mg / 100ml
15mg / 100ml takes ______ to clear
1 hour
What is the most common incapacitation
Gastro-enteritis
Gastro-intestinal -
Pain and discomfort
After heavy lunch, you suffer stomach pain, sweating, etc… what is this?
Gastro-enteritis
Gastro-intestinal problems, primary reaction is
Nausea & vomitting
TUC
Depends on altitude and exercise (physical)
What is the most dangerous form of incapacitation
Insidious
First stage of decision making
Perception
If an individual joins a group, he makes decision according to the group, he is
Conformity
What is a symptom of fatigue
Blurred vision
What will affect acuity
Hypoxia
Free running time
Is regulated by Zeitgebers
When info is sensed by the sensory
Short Term memory keeps the relevant information and discards the rest
If cabin pressure is not working and you are flying above 10000ft
Rapidly descend to 10000ft or MSA, whichever higher
What is in the inner ear
Semi-circular canals and otoliths
E-tube connects the
Middle ear and throat to equalise the pressure
Eustachian tube
Purpose is to equalise pressure between middle ear and environment
For noise induced hearing loss what is the decibel
95db
We can hear sound from
20 - 20000Hz
_____ when the sound is no longer noted sub-consciously
Sensory adaptation (habituation)
Semi circular canal. What are the sensors within
Hair in fluid
Angular acceleration is detected by
Semi circular canals
Conductive deafness
Damage to ear drum / ossicles
Barotrauma
Pain caused by air trapped in cavities of the body
Trapped gas in the joints and teeth
Barotrauma
_____ - Teeth
Aerodontalgia
In a collision course scenario, how to scan for fixed object on collision course
40deg off peripheral vision
Adaptation, what is it
Ability of eye to change focal length
What is presbyopia
A form of long sightedness caused by the lens of The Eye losing its elasticity with age. The loss of elasticity means that the lens can no longer accommodate fully and will result in close objects becoming blurred. A common condition in those more than 45 years of age, but easily corrected with a weak convex lens
Presbyopia affected by
Age
Presbycusis
Old age (hearing loss)
Retina
Light sensitive inner lining
____ - to change the shape of lens to get acuity
Accommodation
When we hear, electrical signals are sent to brain via
Audio nerves
When we see, electrical signals are sent to the brain via
Optic nerves
Fovea
Mainly cone for best visual acuity
Small area of focused visual acuity
What are cones and rods
Cones are used for direct vision in good light and are Colour sensitive
Rods can only detect black and white but are much more sensitive at lower light levels. Rods are responsible for our peripheral vision
Stereopsis
Where monocular is lack of_____
Empty field myopia
Absence of anything to focus
Settles general adaptation system (GAS), what is the 3 points of acute stress
Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
GAS
Self regulating
Psychological, psychosomatic and somatic reaction
ANS
Sweating, digestion, respiration and not consciously
CNS
Issue nerve impulses and Analysing sensing
Low blood pressure
Does not constitute danger
What is anaemia
Low red blood cell count
Hypertension is a state of
High blood pressure
Which part pumps blood from heart to lungs
Right ventricle
Coronary artery and veins transport blood to
Heart
Blood cells are made in
Bone marrow
First time flying, anxious, breathe very fast
Hyperventilation
How to prevent hyperglycemia
Eat food containing simple sugar to quickly raise blood sugar and also food containing complex sugar to provide sugar for Long term use
DCS. What are the treatment
Rest, give 100% oxygen, seek medical after landing
The bends
Decompression sickness
Anti-histamine
Cause drowsiness
In Yerkes-Dodson model, the
Optimal arousal is the halfway point between Low and high arousal
Errors of rule based behaviour
Error of commission, departure from rules
Pilot engrossed on a single need…. is called a
Blinkered concentration
L
Pilot/live ware
Ozone too much, how
Irritant to lungs and sever headache
Ozone later
Above tropopause
When climbing past FL130, pilot select QNH1013, he is using
Semantic memory
When descending from 41000ft, passing 13000ft, you need to tune QNH, what are you using
Semantic memory
Type of memory
Sensory, STM, LTM
Malaria spread by
Mosquitoes
Free running circadian rhythm
Regulated by Zeitgebers
____ - max in sleep credit/debit system
16 points
In TEM - Environmental threat
Weather
Threat and error system
Report all occurrences to improve system
When pilot avoids responsibilities
Resignation
Flying westwards takes lesser time to adapt than flying eastwards
…
LL in shell model
Humans - Humans
Environmental capture
Error brought upon by habits
‘On time’ performance
External factors leading to error
What is the most common type of accident
CFIT
What is angina
Chest pain generally due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries
What is the basis of perception
Interpretation
What does obesity in the risk of
Diabetes
What is ICAO standard atmosphere
+15deg Celsius at sea level & 1.98deg Celsius per 1000ft lapse rate
Which of the following will affect visual acuity of pilot in flight
Hypoxia
Which of the following is a positive attribute of decision making
Self confidence
What is the purpose of CNS
Sends nerve impulses and interprets sensory data
What amount of caffeine can begin to affect human performance
250mg
How best to avoid disorientation
Switch to instrument flying before losing sight of horizon
What is hypovigilance
Lack of alertness
What is absolute humidity
Amount of water vapour in the air that can be held measured in g/m3
Within normal flight altitudes, how does the amount of oxygen, as a percentage of volume, in the atmosphere change
Constant
Which is an example of procedural error?
Missing a checklist item
What is the difference between behaviour and personality
Behaviour is what is seen by others and personality is developed from birth and growing up
How are signals from cochlea sent to cortex
Auditory nerve
How does habituation affect flight safety
Reduce sensory sensitivity to stimuli
What is hypoglycemia
Affects crew performance but can be prevented by having regular and proper meals
What is adaptation
Adjusting the sensitivity of the eyes to levels of light and darkness
When a pilot feels the sensation of turning in the opp direction when decelerating after a prolonged turn, the illusion is
Somatogyral illusion
Which of the following statement of sleep is true
Travelling from east to west causing less circadian disrhythemia
What causes barotraumas
Entrapped gases in sinus, ear and teeth
With sun shining through the propellers and into cockpit, occupants
May suffer from dizziness and feel unwell, flicker vertigo
High concentrations of ozone will cause
Irritation to the respiratory tract and cause coughing
About half of all sleep is
Stage 2
Which is true concerning malaria
Some prophylactic and standby drugs are not suitable for aircrew
Which is true of the retina
Has rods and cones
Rule based behaviour is stored ____ and requires ____ control
Long term memory, conscious
When a person decides to use a skill, The Central decision maker
Monitors behaviour to Ensure correct skill is used
What is true about heat stress in cockpit
Can be both physical and mental stress
What is true of stress
Performance positive or negative, feeling positive and negative
What is true about skills
One skill, many continuous conscious control
Linear and angular acceleration are detected by
Otoliths and semi circular canal
Ear discomfort experience during rapid ascent and descent and more commonly during descent is due to the pressure difference in the cabin and _____and the pressure difference can be equalised using the _____
Middle ear, Eustachian tube
Motor skills require
Conscious thought, not conscious control
Leans
Last up to 1 hour, even with aid of instruments
Pilot suffering from neurotic illness such as depression
Return is to flying after a period of good health and off all drugs
During glide slope maintenance
Visual texture flows away from impact point and the visual angle between this point and the horizon remains constant
Ability to focus is affected by the refractive power of
Lens and cornea
Stress affects an individual
Confidence level and his performance
What is true of the circadian rhythm of a long haul pilot
Constantly adjusting
Angina
Causes obstruction of the coronary flow
What is true of hyperventilation
It can be stopped by breathing in and out a paper bag
It reduces the diameter of the arteries to the brain
A person has taken a considerable amount of alcohol. What is the rate of removal
It is unreliable to calculate rate of removal
Effect of arousal on performance due to stress is
Greatly beneficial at the midpoint of arousal, and fall greatly at both ends
Domestic stress to pilot
Does not only confined to the Pilot’s home life
On designing cockpit seats, lumbar support causes the compression load on discs along the vertebrate in spine
Evenly in the discs
The commander, after making a decision, should
Gently discourage his subordinates from expressing doubts to prevent confidence and trust in commander to be affected
Pilot exercising skill based behaviour, central decision making
Monitoring behaviour of right skill used
Without supplementary supply, the percentage of oxygen that enters the bloodstream at 15000ft, as compared to MSL is
70%
Mental model is based upon
Predominantly information from the senses
If a pilot is suffering from neurotic illness like depression, he will
Be allowed back to flying duties after a period of good health, off all forms of medication and treatment for the condition
Likelihood of gross error in reading of digital altimeter
Virtually none
Runway approach, the extended sides of runway
Intersect above or below the horizon depending on the slope of the runway and the glideslope
What is just culture
A clear distinction between right and wrong
What is non punitive culture
Trust dependent, no blame no shame
Decompression bends occurs most frequently at
> 25000ft
First stage of positive G
Grey out
Conductive deafness
Damage to ossicles and ear drums
At what value will conductive deafness result?
80+ db
Define error
Action/decisions that lead to unintended negative outcomes
Black hole effect
Small light appears dimmer
Over water at night with no light, pilot appears higher
Featureless terrain
Atmospheric composition in the troposphere
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% Argon
Alveoli and atmospheric partial pressure, which is higher
Alveoli. As it is warmer and wetter
Concentration of cones in fovea will lead to
Acuity
Caffeine intake to increase error
300mg
Pax travelling above 41000ft, pain in the knees, itchy left hand, recently went boating
Bends (DCS)
When a pilot experiences head cold, what should he do
Do not fly because it can lead to damage to ear drums and sinus due to barotrauma
Anti histamine
Drowsiness, nausea and vomiting
Jump to conclusion
Impulsiveness
ICAO standard of partial pressure
mm Hg
Perception is
Comprehension and/or understanding
On time performance
External factors
TEM
ATM - Avoid, Trap and Mitigate
As altitude increases, the overall pressure of the various gases in the atmosphere
Decreases
Boyle’s Law
As altitude increases, volume of air in the cavity increases
What is self esteem
Know your own strength and weaknesses
LCB related
Has been looking more or less straight in the direction of the other aircraft within an arc of 20deg for not less than 2 seconds
The leans
Can occur because at certain sub threshold levels of stimulation, the semi-circular canals do not register movements
A short term detrimental effect of cigarette smoking inflight is the
Absorption of CO in preference to O2 in blood
What does TUC depends on
Altitude, fitness…
Cones give what kind of vision
Main acuity
Which of these is a procedural error
Missing checklist items
NIHL
95db
How to improve situational awareness
Constantly monitor for errors thus maintaining situational awareness
