Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PDHPE > HPIA: What are the Priority Issues for Improving Australia's Health? > Flashcards

HPIA: What are the Priority Issues for Improving Australia's Health? Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference in life expectancy between ATSI and non-ATSI

A

8-9 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the life of expectancy of aboriginal women

A

71.6 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the life expectancy of aboriginal women

A

75.6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the trend of aboriginal peoples life expectancy over the past 10 years

A

increasing `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much higher are the mortality rates of aboriginal men aged 40-49 than non-aboriginal people

A

4 times higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much higher are child death rates of aboriginal children

A

2 times higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much more likely are aboriginal people to have kidney disease

A

7 times more likely, due to the high prevalence of diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how much more likely are aborignal people to have diabetes

A

3 times higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how much more likely are aboriginal people going to have cancer or obesity

A

1.5 times more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much higher is the youth suicide rate in ATSI females

A

6 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how much higher is the youth suicide rate in ATSI males

A

4 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how much higher is the infant mortality rate in ATSI

A

2.5 times higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what sociocultural factors affect the inequities in Aborignal people

A
  • lower levels of education/less likely to complete yr 12=lower health literacy
  • less money/funds
  • higher imprisonment rates
  • less community self-esteem
  • language barriers
  • poor access to health services
  • less trusting of western medicine due to historical factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what socioeconomic factors affect the inequities in aboriginal people

A
  • are the lowest income bracket
  • higher unemployment rates
  • poor lifestyle choices due to lack of funds/health literacy eg. smoking, drinking and unbalanced diet
  • half as likely to finish year 12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how much less likely are aboriginal people to finish year 12, and what are the impacts

A

half as likely

less health literacy, and less employment oppurtunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what environmental factors affect the inequities in aboriginal people

A
  • limited access to health services in rural services
  • difficulty accessing GP/dentist
  • overcrowding/run down housing
  • less safe drinking water
  • higher mental issues
  • less recreational oppurtunities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

role of aboriginal individuals addressing health inequities

A
  • responsible for promoting own health, and health of others
  • individual health is influenced by:
    age, history, community support, family, education, access to health services, role modelling, socioeconomic
  • interventions/campaigns available to aid with making risk and protective behaviours.
  • health services focus on improving knowledge and skills of commmunity mentors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the role of the aboriginal community in addressing health inequities

A
  • implementing the ‘close the gap’ campaign
  • creating a supportive community
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why do ATSI communities lack access to primary health services

A
  • lack of availability
  • costs and language barriers
  • transport and distance to services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are aboriginal community groups eg.

A

aboriginal community controlled health services (ACCHS)
delvers holistic and cultural appropriate healthcare eg. immunisation, sexual health, substance use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the role of the government in addressing aboriginal health inequities

A
  • larger health promotion and funding
    eg. 805 million Indigenous Chronic Disease package
  • goal to reduce key risk factors eg. smoking, and improvement management of chronic disease
  • ‘close the gap’ aims to decrease infant mortality and gap in education/employment, increase life expectancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

do low ses people have lower or higher life expectancy

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

do low ses people have higher/lower morbidity and mortality rates

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how much higher are the coronary heart disease for low ses people, and what is the decline rate like

A

40% higher, and is in slower decline than higher SES areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how much higher is the incidence of lung cancer in low ses

A

6 times higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how much higher incidence of obese women in low ses

A

a third higher incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how much higher incidence of obese low ses children

A

2 thirds higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are cancer mortality rates higher or lower in low ses populations

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is the burden of stroke higher or lower in low ses populations

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how much higher rates of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in low ses people

A

double the rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how much more likely are low ses poeple to have asthma and why

A

33%, due to substandard housing and more likely to passive smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is infant mortality higher or lower in low ses populations

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why do low ses people have more visits to the hospital/GP

A

iller health, less likely to exercise/have balanced diet = obesity levels r higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why are low ses people more likely to perform risk behaviours eg. smoke, drug abuse

A

poorer education, culture of peers, less health literacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what sociocultural factors affect ses inequities

A
  • more likely to experience discrimination
  • power structures in society may impact access to health services eg. dr might disregard a rough-looking persons health problems
  • more likely to experience family difficulties eg. substance abuse, domestic violence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what socioeconomic factors affect ses inequities

A
  • higher unemployment
  • less access to education, = less informed abt health
  • lower financial capacity = lower standard of living
  • lower access to high quality food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what environmental factors affect ses inequities

A
  • often work in manual labour jobs that carry high risk and may be exposed to asbestos
  • often live in crowded, less healthy urban area, rural areas or in areas with fewer health services
  • homelessness may be an issue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the role of individuals in addressing low ses inequity

A
  • focus on individuals making good health choices, enhancing health status eg. completing school, attend uni
  • indivs. encouraging peers to make positive health choices eg. not smoking
    these choices reduce risk factors and address health inequities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the role of communities in addressing low ses inequity

A
  • providing relevant health care and support services eg. PCYC and ‘youth of the streets’ who aim to improve health outcomes for socioeconomically disadvantaged people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the role of the government in addressing low ses inequity

A
  • provide funding for free/reduced health care (medicare)
  • goal: provide all Australians with adequate and affordable health care = equity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

disease of the heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is coronary heart disease/ischaemic heart disease

A

blockage of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is cerebrovascular disease

A

stroke
blockage of blood vessels to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is cerebrovascular disease

A

stroke
blockage of blood vessels to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is peripheral vascular disease

A

affects the arteries, arterioles, capillaries of the extremities.
blood supply is restricted due to artherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is artherosclerosis and what it is the underlying cause of what disease

A

build up of fat, cholesterol and other substanes incside arteries

underlying cause of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain
occurs when the heart has an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is cvd

A

cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

is cardiovascular disease (CVD) declining or increasing

A

declining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

is prevalence of cvd higher in females or males

A

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what percentage of deaths is CVD responsible for

A

27%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how many people in australia have heart conditions

A

1.2 million approx

54
Q

how many strokes per day were there in 2019

A

over 100

55
Q

how many deaths was CVD the underlying cause for in 2019

A

25%/42 000 deaths

56
Q

what are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD

A

age- risk increases; result of slow progression of atherosclerosis
sex- males have higher risk, women are more likely to have CVD after menopause after oestrogen levels drop
family history- more prone to develop

57
Q

what are modifiable risk factors for CVD

A

smoking- risk is doubled by heavy smoking.
high blood cholesterol- saturated fats increase cholesterol
high blood pressure- risk increases w/ hypertension: overloads the heart and blood vessels
physical inactivity- leads to an inefficient heart, higher levels of cholesterol and obesity.
obesity- more likely to have blood fats in ares that will place stress on the heart and lungs

58
Q

what are protective factors of CVD

A

sufficiently active, healthy diet, healthy weight, no smoking, managing stress + alc intake

59
Q

determinants of CVD

A

socioeconomic and living conditions, environment, knowledge and attitude to health

60
Q

why r ATSI people more at risk than non-atsi

A

lower ses and education

61
Q

how has media lead to a decline in CVD rates

A

media exposes the effects of smoking on health, leading to a decline in smoking and therefore CVD declines

62
Q

why are asians less likely to have CVD

A

they generally have a lower fat diet

63
Q

why are males more likely to have CVD

A

more likely to partake in risk behaviours
dont have oestrogen that protects them

64
Q

why does higher education lead to lower levels of CVD

A

increased health literacy + positive lifestyle choices
higher income + employment
lower education/knowledge leads to less access to health services

65
Q

why does income affect CVD

A

lower income levels lead to fewer health related costs that incur cost to individual eg. gym

66
Q

how does employment affect CVD

A

CVD rates are higher in blue collar employment, which is linked to lifestyle choices such as smoking and higher saturated fat diets

67
Q

how does geographical location affect CVD rates

A

there is higher prevalence of CVD in rural areas compared to metropolitan areas as speed of medical treatment for hearrt attacks or stroke greatly affects the results

68
Q

how does access to health services affect CVD rates

A

rural/remote areas have less access to medical services and community initiatives that manage risk factors egl sporting facilities

69
Q

how does access to technology affect CVD rates

A

technology is vital in treating stroke or heart attack, without access leads to higher mortality rates

70
Q

groups at risk of CVD

A

tobacco smokers
family history
high blood pressure/hypertension
high fat diet
over 65
post-menopausal women
men
blue collar workers

71
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
mutation of cells that leads to a tumour

72
Q

what is a benign tumours

A

not cancerous tumours, often removed through surgery

73
Q

what are malignant tumours

A

are cancerous.
spreads to other tissue, starving it of nutrients and invades healthy tissue

74
Q

what is the cause of breast cancer

A

no known cause

75
Q

how common is breast cancer

A

second most common cancer in women

76
Q

how many women are affected by breast cancer (_ in _ women)

A

1 in 15

77
Q

does risk of breast cancer increase or decrease with age

A

increase

78
Q

what are risk factors of breast cancer

A

age, family history, late first pregnancy/no children, menstruation at early age

79
Q

what are protective behaviours of breast cancer?

A

self-examination
mammographic screening

80
Q

what are sociocultural factors of breast cancer

A

family history

81
Q

what are socioeconomic factors of breast cancer

A

poor diet/nutrition if low income indivs. as they cannot afford healthier diet

82
Q

what are environmental factors of breast cancer

A

location = difficult to get a screening in remote areas

83
Q

what are groups at risk for breast cancer

A

women over 40,
no children,
early menstruation age

84
Q

how common is skin cancer in australia

A

most common cancer in australia,
prevalence of skin cancer has quadrupled over past 3 decades

85
Q

what age group is most at risk for skin cancer

A

10-59 year oldds

86
Q

what is basal cell cancer

A

rarely fatal cancer, slow moving, accounts for 80% of skin cancer

87
Q

what is solar kerotosis

A

rough patch of skin caused by sun (10% fatal)

88
Q

what is squamus cell carinoma

A

2nd most common skin cancer, 5 year survival rate is 99%

89
Q

how many people in australia die of skin cancer annually

A

1400 approx

90
Q

what are risk factors of skin cancer

A

fair skin
prolonged time in sun
fair hair

91
Q

what are protective factors of skin cancer

A

sunscreen
clothing

92
Q

what are sociocultural determinants regarding skin cancer

A

family history
pale skin

93
Q

what are socioeconomic determinants regarding skin cancer

A

blue collar workers spend more time in sun
low education levels = low health literacy = dont use sun protection

94
Q

what are environmental factors of skin cancer

A

living in a rural areas means less access to skin checks, as well as living in an area with higher UV levels

95
Q

what are groups at risk of skin cance

A

males
people w fair hair, red hair or freckles
people who work outside
people who dont wear sun protection

96
Q

which cance is the leading cause of cancerous deaths

A

lung cancer

97
Q

what cancer is the most preventable

A

lung cancer

98
Q

do womens or men have higher mortality rates of lung cancer

A

men

99
Q

what is the trend of female death rates from lung cancer

A

trend is increasing

100
Q

how many deaths come from lung cancer per 100 000

A

41.2 deaths

101
Q

is mortality rate of lung cancer high or low

A

high

102
Q

what group of people is lung cancer most commonly found in

A

ATSI

103
Q

what are risk factors of lung cancer

A

smoking=10x higher than non-smokers
air pollution
asbestos exposure

104
Q

protective behaviours

A

not-smoking (less than 10% of lung cancer is found in non-smokers)
eating healthy
avoid passive smoking
limiting exposure to asbestos

105
Q

what are the sociocultural determinants regarding lung cancer

A

family history
smoking/not smoking
ATSI

106
Q

what are the socioeconomic determinants regarding lung cancr

A

less likely to have high health literacy
cant afford doc/surgery

107
Q

what are the environmental determinants regarding lung cancer

A

may work in areas w asbestos and high passive smoking levels (blue collar worker)
remote = less access to health facilities

108
Q

what are the groups at risk for lung cancer

A

smokers
those who work with asbestos
those who live with smokers

109
Q

what is the result of australia having a growing and ageing population

A

significant issues surrounding health and healthcare system

110
Q

is australias population growing and aging

A

yes

111
Q

how much is australias population growing by annually

A

1.5%, but expected to grow faster in future

112
Q

what is the projected population for australia in 2036

A

30-40million

113
Q

why is population increasing

A

the number of birth rates exceed number of deaths, and there is an increase of migration

114
Q

what is the percentage of the australian population aged over 70

A

10% and is expected to double over next 10 years

115
Q

why is there a growing and ageing population

A

increase in life expectancy, lower birth rate

116
Q

does the growing and ageing population lead to higher rates of chronic disease and/or disability

A

yes

117
Q

what are chronic diseases

A

debilitating condition that impact a persons quality of life
eg. CVD, arthritis, COPD, diadetes, back pain

118
Q

are people living with chronic disease/disability likely to have more sick days and be a greater burden on the health system

A

yes

119
Q

does a growing and ageing population lead to workplace shortages

A

yes

120
Q

what will a reduction in the work place lead to

A

reduced capacity by the government to financially meet the increasing health demand

121
Q

how is the govermnent addressing workplace shortages as a result of a growing and ageing population

A

making individuals more self sufficient upon retirement. achieve this through:
- compulsory employer contribution to superannuation (9% of wage)
- encouraging voluntary supa saving and providing tax incentives for this

122
Q

is there a high demand for health services

A

yes

123
Q

what affect does a growing and ageing population have on health services

A

increases demand for them

124
Q

how does the government address the increased demand for health services as a result of a growing and ageing population

A

number of nurses in high demand areas eg. ED nurses
expanding roles of nurses eg. them doing basic procedures
increasing community care eg. meals on wheels

125
Q

what is a carer for the aged population

A

a person who provides informal care of assistance to a person because of age, illness or disability

126
Q

where do most carers for an ageing population come from

A

80% of carers are family and friends as there is limited professional carers available and the cost is significant.

127
Q

what are the main tasks/duties of carers of an ageing populaiton

A

domestic/living tasks
eg. feeding, bathing, cleaning, administration of medicine, emotional support and transport

128
Q

what impact will a growing and ageing population have on carers and volunteers

A

will result in a shortage, but will create jobs

129
Q

define healthy ageing

A

the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that enables wellbeing in older people

130
Q

why is healthy ageing beneficial to all australians

A

enables people to have better health outcomes and a reduced need for health services.
allows elderly to contribute to society for as long as possible, therefore reducing burden on government

131
Q

what is being done to promote healthy ageing

A
  • promotion of good health and disease prevention
  • encouraging people to become financially secure/independent
132
Q

what are examples of healthy ageing promotion

A
  • senior card
  • seniors.gov.au
  • recommendation of 60 min of exercise per day under 65, to prevent CVD
  • encouraging poeple to stay at home longer rather than nursing home
  • rreducing workplace shortages through ‘living longer, living better’

PDHPE (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions