HPIA: What are the Priority Issues for Improving Australia's Health? Flashcards
what is the difference in life expectancy between ATSI and non-ATSI
8-9 years
what is the life of expectancy of aboriginal women
71.6 year
what is the life expectancy of aboriginal women
75.6 years
what is the trend of aboriginal peoples life expectancy over the past 10 years
increasing `
how much higher are the mortality rates of aboriginal men aged 40-49 than non-aboriginal people
4 times higher
how much higher are child death rates of aboriginal children
2 times higher
how much more likely are aboriginal people to have kidney disease
7 times more likely, due to the high prevalence of diabetes
how much more likely are aborignal people to have diabetes
3 times higher
how much more likely are aboriginal people going to have cancer or obesity
1.5 times more
how much higher is the youth suicide rate in ATSI females
6 times
how much higher is the youth suicide rate in ATSI males
4 times
how much higher is the infant mortality rate in ATSI
2.5 times higher
what sociocultural factors affect the inequities in Aborignal people
- lower levels of education/less likely to complete yr 12=lower health literacy
- less money/funds
- higher imprisonment rates
- less community self-esteem
- language barriers
- poor access to health services
- less trusting of western medicine due to historical factors
what socioeconomic factors affect the inequities in aboriginal people
- are the lowest income bracket
- higher unemployment rates
- poor lifestyle choices due to lack of funds/health literacy eg. smoking, drinking and unbalanced diet
- half as likely to finish year 12
how much less likely are aboriginal people to finish year 12, and what are the impacts
half as likely
less health literacy, and less employment oppurtunities
what environmental factors affect the inequities in aboriginal people
- limited access to health services in rural services
- difficulty accessing GP/dentist
- overcrowding/run down housing
- less safe drinking water
- higher mental issues
- less recreational oppurtunities
role of aboriginal individuals addressing health inequities
- responsible for promoting own health, and health of others
- individual health is influenced by:
age, history, community support, family, education, access to health services, role modelling, socioeconomic - interventions/campaigns available to aid with making risk and protective behaviours.
- health services focus on improving knowledge and skills of commmunity mentors
what is the role of the aboriginal community in addressing health inequities
- implementing the ‘close the gap’ campaign
- creating a supportive community
why do ATSI communities lack access to primary health services
- lack of availability
- costs and language barriers
- transport and distance to services
what are aboriginal community groups eg.
aboriginal community controlled health services (ACCHS)
delvers holistic and cultural appropriate healthcare eg. immunisation, sexual health, substance use
what is the role of the government in addressing aboriginal health inequities
- larger health promotion and funding
eg. 805 million Indigenous Chronic Disease package - goal to reduce key risk factors eg. smoking, and improvement management of chronic disease
- ‘close the gap’ aims to decrease infant mortality and gap in education/employment, increase life expectancy
do low ses people have lower or higher life expectancy
lower
do low ses people have higher/lower morbidity and mortality rates
lower
how much higher are the coronary heart disease for low ses people, and what is the decline rate like
40% higher, and is in slower decline than higher SES areas
how much higher is the incidence of lung cancer in low ses
6 times higher
how much higher incidence of obese women in low ses
a third higher incidence
how much higher incidence of obese low ses children
2 thirds higher
are cancer mortality rates higher or lower in low ses populations
higher
is the burden of stroke higher or lower in low ses populations
higher
how much higher rates of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in low ses people
double the rate
how much more likely are low ses poeple to have asthma and why
33%, due to substandard housing and more likely to passive smoke
is infant mortality higher or lower in low ses populations
higher
why do low ses people have more visits to the hospital/GP
iller health, less likely to exercise/have balanced diet = obesity levels r higher
why are low ses people more likely to perform risk behaviours eg. smoke, drug abuse
poorer education, culture of peers, less health literacy
what sociocultural factors affect ses inequities
- more likely to experience discrimination
- power structures in society may impact access to health services eg. dr might disregard a rough-looking persons health problems
- more likely to experience family difficulties eg. substance abuse, domestic violence
what socioeconomic factors affect ses inequities
- higher unemployment
- less access to education, = less informed abt health
- lower financial capacity = lower standard of living
- lower access to high quality food
what environmental factors affect ses inequities
- often work in manual labour jobs that carry high risk and may be exposed to asbestos
- often live in crowded, less healthy urban area, rural areas or in areas with fewer health services
- homelessness may be an issue
what is the role of individuals in addressing low ses inequity
- focus on individuals making good health choices, enhancing health status eg. completing school, attend uni
- indivs. encouraging peers to make positive health choices eg. not smoking
these choices reduce risk factors and address health inequities
what is the role of communities in addressing low ses inequity
- providing relevant health care and support services eg. PCYC and ‘youth of the streets’ who aim to improve health outcomes for socioeconomically disadvantaged people
what is the role of the government in addressing low ses inequity
- provide funding for free/reduced health care (medicare)
- goal: provide all Australians with adequate and affordable health care = equity
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
disease of the heart and blood vessels
what is coronary heart disease/ischaemic heart disease
blockage of blood vessels
what is cerebrovascular disease
stroke
blockage of blood vessels to brain
what is cerebrovascular disease
stroke
blockage of blood vessels to brain
what is peripheral vascular disease
affects the arteries, arterioles, capillaries of the extremities.
blood supply is restricted due to artherosclerosis
what is artherosclerosis and what it is the underlying cause of what disease
build up of fat, cholesterol and other substanes incside arteries
underlying cause of CVD
what is arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
what is angina pectoris
chest pain
occurs when the heart has an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood
what is cvd
cardiovascular disease
is cardiovascular disease (CVD) declining or increasing
declining
is prevalence of cvd higher in females or males
females
what percentage of deaths is CVD responsible for
27%
how many people in australia have heart conditions
1.2 million approx
how many strokes per day were there in 2019
over 100
how many deaths was CVD the underlying cause for in 2019
25%/42 000 deaths
what are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD
age- risk increases; result of slow progression of atherosclerosis
sex- males have higher risk, women are more likely to have CVD after menopause after oestrogen levels drop
family history- more prone to develop
what are modifiable risk factors for CVD
smoking- risk is doubled by heavy smoking.
high blood cholesterol- saturated fats increase cholesterol
high blood pressure- risk increases w/ hypertension: overloads the heart and blood vessels
physical inactivity- leads to an inefficient heart, higher levels of cholesterol and obesity.
obesity- more likely to have blood fats in ares that will place stress on the heart and lungs
what are protective factors of CVD
sufficiently active, healthy diet, healthy weight, no smoking, managing stress + alc intake
determinants of CVD
socioeconomic and living conditions, environment, knowledge and attitude to health
why r ATSI people more at risk than non-atsi
lower ses and education
how has media lead to a decline in CVD rates
media exposes the effects of smoking on health, leading to a decline in smoking and therefore CVD declines
why are asians less likely to have CVD
they generally have a lower fat diet
why are males more likely to have CVD
more likely to partake in risk behaviours
dont have oestrogen that protects them
why does higher education lead to lower levels of CVD
increased health literacy + positive lifestyle choices
higher income + employment
lower education/knowledge leads to less access to health services
why does income affect CVD
lower income levels lead to fewer health related costs that incur cost to individual eg. gym
how does employment affect CVD
CVD rates are higher in blue collar employment, which is linked to lifestyle choices such as smoking and higher saturated fat diets
how does geographical location affect CVD rates
there is higher prevalence of CVD in rural areas compared to metropolitan areas as speed of medical treatment for hearrt attacks or stroke greatly affects the results
how does access to health services affect CVD rates
rural/remote areas have less access to medical services and community initiatives that manage risk factors egl sporting facilities
how does access to technology affect CVD rates
technology is vital in treating stroke or heart attack, without access leads to higher mortality rates
groups at risk of CVD
tobacco smokers
family history
high blood pressure/hypertension
high fat diet
over 65
post-menopausal women
men
blue collar workers
what is cancer
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
mutation of cells that leads to a tumour
what is a benign tumours
not cancerous tumours, often removed through surgery
what are malignant tumours
are cancerous.
spreads to other tissue, starving it of nutrients and invades healthy tissue
what is the cause of breast cancer
no known cause
how common is breast cancer
second most common cancer in women
how many women are affected by breast cancer (_ in _ women)
1 in 15
does risk of breast cancer increase or decrease with age
increase
what are risk factors of breast cancer
age, family history, late first pregnancy/no children, menstruation at early age
what are protective behaviours of breast cancer?
self-examination
mammographic screening
what are sociocultural factors of breast cancer
family history
what are socioeconomic factors of breast cancer
poor diet/nutrition if low income indivs. as they cannot afford healthier diet
what are environmental factors of breast cancer
location = difficult to get a screening in remote areas
what are groups at risk for breast cancer
women over 40,
no children,
early menstruation age
how common is skin cancer in australia
most common cancer in australia,
prevalence of skin cancer has quadrupled over past 3 decades
what age group is most at risk for skin cancer
10-59 year oldds
what is basal cell cancer
rarely fatal cancer, slow moving, accounts for 80% of skin cancer
what is solar kerotosis
rough patch of skin caused by sun (10% fatal)
what is squamus cell carinoma
2nd most common skin cancer, 5 year survival rate is 99%
how many people in australia die of skin cancer annually
1400 approx
what are risk factors of skin cancer
fair skin
prolonged time in sun
fair hair
what are protective factors of skin cancer
sunscreen
clothing
what are sociocultural determinants regarding skin cancer
family history
pale skin
what are socioeconomic determinants regarding skin cancer
blue collar workers spend more time in sun
low education levels = low health literacy = dont use sun protection
what are environmental factors of skin cancer
living in a rural areas means less access to skin checks, as well as living in an area with higher UV levels
what are groups at risk of skin cance
males
people w fair hair, red hair or freckles
people who work outside
people who dont wear sun protection
which cance is the leading cause of cancerous deaths
lung cancer
what cancer is the most preventable
lung cancer
do womens or men have higher mortality rates of lung cancer
men
what is the trend of female death rates from lung cancer
trend is increasing
how many deaths come from lung cancer per 100 000
41.2 deaths
is mortality rate of lung cancer high or low
high
what group of people is lung cancer most commonly found in
ATSI
what are risk factors of lung cancer
smoking=10x higher than non-smokers
air pollution
asbestos exposure
protective behaviours
not-smoking (less than 10% of lung cancer is found in non-smokers)
eating healthy
avoid passive smoking
limiting exposure to asbestos
what are the sociocultural determinants regarding lung cancer
family history
smoking/not smoking
ATSI
what are the socioeconomic determinants regarding lung cancr
less likely to have high health literacy
cant afford doc/surgery
what are the environmental determinants regarding lung cancer
may work in areas w asbestos and high passive smoking levels (blue collar worker)
remote = less access to health facilities
what are the groups at risk for lung cancer
smokers
those who work with asbestos
those who live with smokers
what is the result of australia having a growing and ageing population
significant issues surrounding health and healthcare system
is australias population growing and aging
yes
how much is australias population growing by annually
1.5%, but expected to grow faster in future
what is the projected population for australia in 2036
30-40million
why is population increasing
the number of birth rates exceed number of deaths, and there is an increase of migration
what is the percentage of the australian population aged over 70
10% and is expected to double over next 10 years
why is there a growing and ageing population
increase in life expectancy, lower birth rate
does the growing and ageing population lead to higher rates of chronic disease and/or disability
yes
what are chronic diseases
debilitating condition that impact a persons quality of life
eg. CVD, arthritis, COPD, diadetes, back pain
are people living with chronic disease/disability likely to have more sick days and be a greater burden on the health system
yes
does a growing and ageing population lead to workplace shortages
yes
what will a reduction in the work place lead to
reduced capacity by the government to financially meet the increasing health demand
how is the govermnent addressing workplace shortages as a result of a growing and ageing population
making individuals more self sufficient upon retirement. achieve this through:
- compulsory employer contribution to superannuation (9% of wage)
- encouraging voluntary supa saving and providing tax incentives for this
is there a high demand for health services
yes
what affect does a growing and ageing population have on health services
increases demand for them
how does the government address the increased demand for health services as a result of a growing and ageing population
number of nurses in high demand areas eg. ED nurses
expanding roles of nurses eg. them doing basic procedures
increasing community care eg. meals on wheels
what is a carer for the aged population
a person who provides informal care of assistance to a person because of age, illness or disability
where do most carers for an ageing population come from
80% of carers are family and friends as there is limited professional carers available and the cost is significant.
what are the main tasks/duties of carers of an ageing populaiton
domestic/living tasks
eg. feeding, bathing, cleaning, administration of medicine, emotional support and transport
what impact will a growing and ageing population have on carers and volunteers
will result in a shortage, but will create jobs
define healthy ageing
the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that enables wellbeing in older people
why is healthy ageing beneficial to all australians
enables people to have better health outcomes and a reduced need for health services.
allows elderly to contribute to society for as long as possible, therefore reducing burden on government
what is being done to promote healthy ageing
- promotion of good health and disease prevention
- encouraging people to become financially secure/independent
what are examples of healthy ageing promotion
- senior card
- seniors.gov.au
- recommendation of 60 min of exercise per day under 65, to prevent CVD
- encouraging poeple to stay at home longer rather than nursing home
- rreducing workplace shortages through ‘living longer, living better’
