HPCT possible 1st quiz Flashcards
This method is recommended for smear preparations of bronchial aspirates and fresh sputum
A.Pull apart - serous fluid specimen
B. Smear preparation - blood smear
C. Touch preparation - aka impression technique
D. Spreading
Spreading
Which of the ff concentration is ideal and preferred for
glutaraldehyde in immunoelectron microscopy?
A. 0.10%
B. 3% - associated conc
C. 10%
D. 0.25%
0.25%
Fixation time can be cut down by using the ff, except:
A. Heat
B. Cold temp
C. Agitation
D. Microwave
Cold Temp
The majority of non-fatty unfixed tissues are
sectioned well at temperatures between ___ and ____.
-10C, -25C
Best fixative tissue for tissues containing iron
pigments?
A. Zenker’s Fluid - ginagamit more on the content of
mercury fluoride: liver, spleen, connective tissue
and nerve fiber
B. Formol corrosive - aka formol sublimate, belongs to
aldehyde fixative, preferably for post-mortem tissue
C. 10% Buffered Neutral Formal
D. Picric Acid - e
10% NBF
What type of metallic fixative is specifically used for
Wharton’s jelly and umbilical cord?
A. Lead fixative - contains large amounts of
mucopolysaccharide, esp. Acid mucopolysaccharide
B. Mercuric Chloride fixative - damages integrity of
tissue, preferably umbilical cord
C. Chromate Fixative - for carbohydates
D. Picrate Fixative - for histones and basic proteins
Lead Fixative
This section may be cut from tissues that have been
fixed and frozen with CO2 or for fresh tissues frozen
with a cryostat.
A. Celloidin section
B. Frozen section
C. Paraffin section
D. Gelatin section
E. NOTA
Frozen section
Sections are not left on the water bath for a long time
due to:
A. To avoid undue expansion of the tissue
B. To avoid distortion of tissue
C. Both
D. NOTA
To avoid undue expansion of the tissue and to avoid distortion of the tissue
BOTH
Brittle or hard tissues are caused by:
A. Prolonged fixation
B. Paraffin is too soft
C. Compress section
D. Sections are too thin
E. NOTA
Prolonged Fixation
Select which among the ff is a common component
of an aqueous media together with its correct use
A. Glycerol-prevent cracking
B. Glycerin-prevent drying
C. Gum Arabic- increase Refractive Index
D. Sugar-solidify medium
Glycerol
Which of the ff defined as the rapid freezing of tissue
A. Quenching
B. Desiccation - removal of ice water molecules
C. Sublimation - transferring of frozen tissue block
using a vacuum
D. NOTA
Quenching
Process of removing ice water molecules
A. Quenching
B. Desiccation
C. Sublimation
D. NOTA
Dessication
Special processing technique for histochemical
evaluation involving enzyme studies.
A. Freeze-drying
B. Freeze-substitution
C. Both
D. NOTA
NOTA - Special processing technique (?)
AOTA
Prolonged decalcification of tissues is liable to ____
and lead to ____?
Prevent hydrolysis; macerate tissues
It permits excellent staining, and is also suitable for
most routine surgical specimens but is relatively slow.
A. Hydrochloric acid
B. Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid
C. Perenyi’s Fluid - 2-7 days but not excellent in
staining
D. Formic Acid - takes 2-7 days to decalcify
E. AOTA
Formic Acid
What is the specific pH used for Citric-Acid-Citrate
Buffer solution?
A. 4.5 - to neutralize and protect specimen from the
acidic component of solution
The following are disadvantages of Diethylene
Dioxide, except:
A. Expensive
B. Tend to ribbon poorly
C. Not miscible in xylol
D. Causes toxic action
E. NOTA
C. Not miscible in xylol - miscible dapat
Connective tissues are subdivided into four
categories. One of these is cartilage. Which of the ff best
describe hyaline cartilage?
A. Found in external ear and epiglottis - external
B. Contains fibroblasts and chondrocytes -
fribrocartilage
C. Most common cartilage - hyaline: larynx, brocnhioles,
and nodules
D. Derived from areolar tissues - adipose tissues
E. AOTA
C. Most common cartilage - hyaline: larynx, bronchioles,
and nodules
It is a semi-translucent, ground glass or hyaline
substance made up of chondroitin
A. Fibrin
B. Fibrinoid
C. Hyalin
D. Amyloid
D. Amyloid
Open muscle biopsies are usually received from the
operating room in a surgical clamp for orientation and
divided in three parts. What specific segment is fixed in
glutaraldehyde and is submitted for electron
microscopy?
A. Middle segment
B. Small segment
C. Large segment
D. Remaining segment
E. NOTA
B. Small segment
This type of glial cell represents the major
supporting cells in the brain.
A. Astrocytes
B. Microglia - major phagocytic cell
C. Myelin - insulating layer that modifies nerve
conduction
D. Ependymal cell - located in the line of ventricles of
the brain
A. Astrocytes
Clearing is done by:
A. 10 dips in alcohol
B. Gradual run through decreasing concentration of
alcohol
C. 2 changes of xylol, 2 hours each
D. 2 or 3 changes of xylene for 1 hour
D. 2 or 3 changes of xylene for 1 hour
What is the appropriate requirement for the
transportation of specimens intended for frozen
sections?
A. Frozen within 4 hrs
B. Transported on formalin-dampened gauze
C. Transported on top of warm water
D. Transported on saline-dampened gauze
E. NOTA
D. Transported on saline-dampened gauze
Freeze-drying may be used for special studies,
except:
A. Use of specialized silver stains
B. Scanning electron microscopy
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Microspectrofluorimetry
E. NOTA
A. Use of specialized silver stains
It is a special processing technique that can be used
when chemical fixation is to be avoided. It is a process
of dehydration through subjecting the frozen tissue to
Rossman’s formula or in 1% acetone.
A. Freeze-drying
B. Freeze-substitution
C. Cryostat
D. Formalin Fixation
E. AOTA
Freeze-substitution
The ff are procedures done in teasing or
dissociation, except:
A. Forcibly compressing slide to another slide
B. Immersing the specimen in isotonic solution
C. Separating by direct or zigzag spread using
applicator stick
D. Transferred into a slide and mounted as a wet
preparation
A. Forcibly compressing slide to another slide - Crushing (Squash preparation
The ff statements describe the process of fixation,
except:
A. Removal of calcium ions
B. Prevent autolysis and putrefaction
C. Preserve morphologic integrity of cell
D. Harden the tissue
A. Removal of calcium ions - Dehydration
Metallic fixatives are one of the four major groups of
fixative and it includes the ff:
A. Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde - aldehyde
B. Mercuric chloride, picric acid
C. Osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate -
oxidizing fixative
D. Methanol, ethanol - alcohol-based fixative
B. Mercuric chloride, picric acid
Select which among the ff association between
difficulties by improper fixation and its cause is correct:
A. Tissue blocks are brittle; prolonged fixation
B. Removal of substances soluble in fixing agents;
incomplete washing of fixative
C. Presence of artefact pigments on tissue sections;
wrong choice of fixative
D. Shrinkage and swelling of cells; incomplete fixation
A. Tissue blocks are brittle; prolonged fixation
It is an example of decalcifying agent that decalcifies
and soften tissues at the same time.
A. Phloroglucin-nitric acid - decalcifying soln
B. Molliflex - softener only
C. Perenyi’s fluid
D. Neutral EDTA
C. Perenyi’s fluid
Choose the answer with the correct association
between the difficulties encountered and its cause or the
fault that is made
A. Frozen tissue chips into fragments when cut;
freezing is not adequate
B. Frozen tissue crumbles and comes off the block
holder when cut; tissue is frozen too much
C. Tissue shrinks away from wax when trimmed;
insufficient infiltration
D. Tissue is opaque and there is presence of alcohol;
insufficient clearing
D. Tissue is opaque and there is presence of alcohol;
insufficient clearing
During the handling and fixation of specimens, there
are general precautions that are needed to be followed.
One of the precautions is to avoid slow freezing because
this may cause:
A. Formation of ice crystal artefacts
B. Damage to cellular organelles
C. Release enzymes
D. Diffuse soluble components of the cell
A. Formation of ice crystal artefacts
Which of the ff will affect the speed of penetration of
the clearing agent?
A. Temperature
B. Viscosity
C. PH
D. AOTA
B. Viscosity
Which of the following is paired correctly?
a. Presence of artifact pigments on tissue
sections - incomplete fixation (Incomplete washing of fixative dapat)
b. Tissue blocks are brittle and hard -
incomplete fixation (Prolonged fixation)
c. Tissue are soft and feather like in
consistency - incomplete fixation
d. Shrinkage and swelling of cells and tissue
structure - incomplete fixation (Overfixation)
c. Tissue are soft and feather like in
consistency - incomplete fixation
What type of metallic fixative is specifically used in
wharton’s jelly and umbilical cord?
a. Lead fixative - contains large amounts of
mucopolysaccharide, esp. Acid mucopolysaccharide
b. Mercuric Chloride fixative - damages integrity of tissue, preferably umbilical cord
c. Chromate Fixative - for carbohydates
d. Picrate Fixative - for histones and basic
proteins
a. Lead fixative - contains large amounts of
mucopolysaccharide, esp. Acid mucopolysaccharide
The clearing agent turns milky as soon as the tissue
is placed in. What is the reason behind it?
a. Prolonged fixation
b. Incomplete fixation
c. Clearing agent is not completely removed
d. AOTA
e. NOTA
NOTA - Incomplete dehydration dapat
Prolonged decalcification of tissues is liable to ___
and lead to ____
a. Good staining: Complete dehydration
b. Maceration of tissues: prevent hydrolysis
c. Prevent hydrolysis: macerate tissues
d. Complete dehydration: good staining
c. Prevent hydrolysis: macerate tissues
What is the decalcifying agent that also acts as a
tissue softener?
a. Aqueous phenol solution
b. Perenyi’s fluid
c. Phloroglucin nitric acid
d. Moliflex
b. Perenyi’s fluid
The most simple, reliable, and convenient way of
measuring the extent of decalcification
a. Chemical test
b. Radiological
c. Mechanical test
d. Physical test
A. Chemical test
The very slow decalcifying agents
a. Ion exchange resins
b. Chelating agents
c. Acids
d. Electrical ionization
b. Chelating agents
This is a type of decalcifying agent that may be
used as a simple solution with a recommended
concentration of 5 - 10%?
a. Trichloroacetic acid
b. Chromic acid
c. Nitric acid
d. Formic acid
d. Formic acid
Fixation time can be cut down by using the following
except:
a. Heat
b. Cold temperature
c. Microwave
d. Agitation
b. Cold temperature
This clearing agent can cause aplastic anemia
a. Benzene
b. Xylol
c. Toluene
d. Chloroform
a. Benzene
It is a method whereby cut tissues, preferably fresh
are cut into pieces and brought into contact and
pressed to the surface of a clean slide
a. Spreading
b. Pull apart
c. Touch preparation
d. Smear preparation
c. Touch preparation
The tissue is soft when the block is trimmed, what
causes this?
a. Incomplete embedding
b. Incomplete dehydration
c. Incomplete fixation
d. Incomplete clearing
c. Incomplete fixation
Which of the following should not be done in the
cryostat procedure?
a. Slow freezing
b. Temperatures near -20C
c. Freezing quickly
d. Using fresh tissues for freezing
a. Slow freezing - Can produce Ice artifacts
What causes the presence of artifact pigments on
tissue sections during fixation?
a. Wrong choice of fixative
b. Prolonged fixation
c. Incomplete washing of fixative
d. Incomplete fixation
c. Incomplete washing of fixative
The commonly used concentration for
formaldehyde.
a. 0.10%
b. 0.25%
c. 3%
d. 10%
d. 10%
Fixatives that may react with histones and basic
proteins -
a. Mercuric chloride fixative
b. Neutral buffer
c. Glutaraldehyde
d. Chromate fixative
e. NOTA
NONE OF THE ABOVE - PICRATES
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a
good fixative
a. Permits rapid and even penetration of
tissues
b. Inhibits bacterial decomposition and
autolysis
c. Capable of removing calcium salts from
the tissue without considerable destruction
d. It must produce minimum shrinkage of
tissue
c. Capable of removing calcium salts from
the tissue without considerable destruction
Pang dehydration ‘yan lods!
Which of the following is not a characteristics of
smooth muscle tissue
a. Arranged closely to form sheets
b. Spindle- shaped cells with central nuclei
c. Presence of intercalated discs
d. No striations
c. Presence of intercalated discs - Pang Skeletal muscle (Cardiac)
The universal molecular fixative, known as UMFIX,
is a mixture of ___ and ___, and is an excellent and
cost-effective alternative to formalin.
a. Methanol: polyethylene glycol
b. Glutaraldehyde: aceton
c. Ethanol: glycerol
d. Picric acid: carbowax
a. Methanol: polyethylene glycol
It is an apparatus used in fresh tissue microtomy?
a. Ultrathin microtome
b. Cryostat
c. Microtome
d. Electron microtomy
b. Cryostat
What is the type/ form of fixation whereby a primary
fixed tissue is placed in an aqueous solution of 2.5
3% potassium dichromate for 24 hours?
a. Heat fixation
b. Post chromatization
c. Secondary fixation
d. Primary fixation
b. Post chromatization
Which method of fresh tissue examination is used
for cancer diagnosis?
a. Crushing
b. Smear preparation
c. Frozen section
d. Ceasing
B. Smear preparation
It is a special way of preserving tissues by
quenching and sublimation
a. Cryostat procedure
b. Freeze- substitution
c. Cold knife procedure
d. Freeze- drying
d. Freeze- drying
All of the following has more than one function in
tissue processing, except:
a. Cetrahydrofuran
b. Acetone
c. Dioxane
d. Triethyl phosphate
D. Triethyl phosphate
Which type of tissue can transmit electrical signals
from sensory receptors to effectors
a. Skeletal muscle tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Cardiac muscle tissue
d. Epithelial tissue
e. NOTA
Nervous tissue - NOTA
50-70% alcohol is used to wash which type of
fixative?
a. Picric acid
b. Formalin
c. Osmic acid
d. Mercury chloride
Picric acid and Bouins
A type of fresh tissue examination that allows cells
to be transferred directly to a slide for examination
of phase contrast microscopy without destroying the
intracellular relationship
a. Pull apart
b. Streaking
c. Squash preparation
d. Impression smear
d. Impression smear
This section is normally utilized when a rapid
diagnosis of the tissue is required
a. Plastic section
b. Frozen section
c. Paraffin section
d. Celloidin section
e. Stat section
Frozen Section! Alam na alam mo ‘yan buddybear!
Best fixative for tissues containing iron pigments
a. 10% BNF
b. Formol corrosive
c. Zenker’s fluid
d. Picric acid
10% NBF
Uses an “en bloc” technique
a. Virchow
b. Letulle
c. Gohn
d. Rokitansky
Gohn
Virchow - one by one
Lettulle - en mass
Rokitansky - in situ
Term used for the change in body temperature after
death until it reaches the ambient temperature
a. Post mortem
b. Livor mortis
c. Putrefaction
d. Algor mortis
d. Algor mortis
Which of the following is the primary preliminaries
for post mortem examination?
a. Written consent from the next of kin-abide
by the extent of restrictions allowed
b. Death certificate (blue form)
c. Medical abstract/ clinical data
d. Medicolegal clearance
i. 1 and 4
ii. 1 amd 2
iii. 1, 2 and 3
iv. AOTA
iv. AOTA
Which of the following is correct about the post
mortem examination?
a. After death examination of the body and
dissection of its internal organs to confirm
or determine the cause of death
b. Autopsy can uncover the existence of
diseases not detected during life
c. Determine the extent of injuries may have
contributed to a person’s death
d. Autopsy can cover the existence of
disease that are detected during life
e. Determine the extent of injuries that may
not have contributed to a person’s death
i. 1 and 5
ii. 3 and 4
iii. 1, 2 and 3
iv. 1 and 4
1 and 4!
Other term for “livor mortis” which is the settling of
the blood lower portion of the body
a. Bruising
b. Condensation
c. Suggillation
d. AOTA
c. Suggillation
