How we Remember and Forget Flashcards
Recall
Retrieval of stored information using minimal cues.
Free Recall
Recalling as much information as possible in any order without cues.
Serial Recall
Recalling information in the order in which it was presented.
Cued Recall
Recalling assisted by cues, not involving the original items to be retrieved; e.g. being given an individual’s initials to assist recall of their name.
Recognition
A process of retrieval that requires identification of a correct response from a set of alternatives.
Relearning
Learning again something that has already been committed to memory; the most sensitive measure of retention.
Encoding Specificity Principle
The associations formed at the time of encoding new memories will be the most effective retrieval cues.
Context-Dependent Cues
Cues to assist retrieval from long-term memory, due to the external environment in which learning took place.
State-Dependent Cues
Cues to assist retrieval from long-term memory, due to the internal environment (mood-state or physical condition) in which the learning took place.
Retrieval Failure Theory
Inability to retrieve material due to an absence of the right cues or a failure to use them.
Retrieval Cues
mental reminders or prompts that we create to assist our recollection later on.
Tip-Of-The-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)
The feeling that something we know is just not avaible to be recalled from the memory; an indication that some forgetting is due to retrieval failure.
Proactive Interference
When previously learnt material inhibits our ability to encode and store new material.
Retroactive Interference
When newly acquired material inhibits our ability to retrieve previously learnt material.
Chunking
The process of grouping items together to improve memory capacity- especially short-term memory- as a means of committing to long-term memory.
