How the body is put together Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position
- Head, eyes (gaze), toes face anteriorly
- Upper limbs by sides, with palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together, with feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly
What are the three basic anatomical planes?
Sagittal
Coronal/frontal
Transverse
What is the median plane?
Median sagittal
Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the centre of the body, dividing it into right and left halves
The coronal plane is at right angles to the _____
Sagittal
What are the main cavities of the body?
Ventral:
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
Dorsal:
Cranial
Spinal
What 2 sub-cavities are in the thoracic cavity?
Pericardial and pleural
What are the 5 main regions of the body?
Head and neck Upper limb Thoracic Abdominopelvic Lower limb
What main joints are in the upper limb?
- Acromioclavicular joint: This is just superior to the shoulder joint and is a plane joint
- Shoulder joint: This adjoins the scapula and humerus. It is a ball and socket joint
- Elbow joint: This is a hinge joint that adjoins the humerus with the ulna and radius
- Joints of the hand and wrist:
1) Carpometacarpal joint - saddle joint
2) Metacarpophalangeal joint - condyloid
What important joint is in the Head and neck region?
Atlanto-axial joint
The atlas and axis are the C1 and C2 vertebra. The joint between these two permits rotation and is called a ‘pivot joint’
What bones make up the upper limb?
excluding hands/wrists because noone cares about them
Pectoral girdle - (clavicle + scapula)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
What bones make up the lower limb?
excluding the feet
Hip bones - (ischium, ilium and the pubis) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
Describe the position of the tibia and fibula?
Tibia is medial to the fibula
fibula is like the radius, tibia is like the ulna
What is the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial - bones of the head, neck and trunk
Appendicular - Bones of the upper and lower limbs. This includes the pectoral and pelvic girdle bones such as the scapula, ilium etc
The femur, fibula, radius and ulna are all examples of _____ bones
Long bones
What membrane covers bone, and what is its function?
Periosteum
Fibrous connective tissue thats functions are:
1) Protection
2) Channel for blood/nutrients/lymphatics
3) Lay down bone in fracture healing
4) Interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
What are the three types of cartilage, where are these found?
Hyaline - ribs, nose, trachea
Elastic - external ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs, some ligaments
What membrane covers cartilage?
Periochondrium
Which is more vascularised, bone or cartilage?
Bone
Cartilage does not have a blood supply
Describe how arteries can be identified on a cadaver
They have thick walls, and narrow diameter (if you can see inside)
White, fleshy or slightly reddish in colour
Deep location, compared to surrounding veins
Can sometimes have kinks called a tortousness
How can veins be identified on a cadaver
Thinner walls, compared to arteries
Blue, or darker colour than arteries
More superficial than nearby arteries
Do not have kinks
How would you identify nerves on a cadaver
Flatter, and less rounded than blood vessels (as they do not have a lumen)
White in colour
Do not have kinks
How would you identify a CT scan?
Transverse plane
Bone shows up as white with soft tissue being grey (depending on density)
Air is black
- CT scans are good for seeing bony detail and organs -
How would you identify an MRI scan?
Can be any plane
Better differentiation of soft tissue
Bone is greyish in colour
- MRI scans are good for differentiating between soft tissue -
