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Analtomy > Back and vertebral column and all that stuff > Flashcards

Back and vertebral column and all that stuff Flashcards

- Back + vertebral column - Back, nerves + vessels

1
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

33

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2
Q

What is the trend in the size of vertebrae along the spine

A

Increase from superior to inferior

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3
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A

Weight bearing

Protection

Movement

Site of muscle attachment

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4
Q

What are lordoses and kyphoses?

A

Spinal curvatures

Lordoses

  • inward curvatures
  • Cervical & lumbar
  • Develop during infancy

Kyphoses

  • outward curvatures
  • Thoracic & sacral
  • Already present in fetus
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5
Q

What is the name given to the condition, where there is abnormal spinal curvature, that is lateral?

A

Scoliosis

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a typical vertebra

A 
Vertebral body 
\+
Vertebral arch:
- Pedicle 
- Transverse process 
- Spinous process 
- Lamina 
- Superior & inferior articular processes
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7
Q

Describe the components of an intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus - high water content

Annulus fibrosus - lamellae (layers) of fibrocartilage surrounding the NP

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8
Q

What does the vertebral column protect?

A

Spinal chord

Spinal nerves

Arteries & veins

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9
Q

What encases the spinal chord?

A

The meninges + CSF

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10
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the meninges

A

Pia matter (inner-most)

Arachnoid matter

Dura matter (outer-most)

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11
Q

What movements are permitted by the spine?

A

Extension & flexion

Lateral flexion & Lateral extension

Rotation of upper trunk

Rotation of head & neck

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12
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral column?

What type of joint is each?

A

Intervertebral discs - 2nd cartilaginous

Facet joints - Synovial plane

Rib joints - Synovial plane

Skull & atlas joints - Synovial ellipsoid

Atlas & axis joints - Synovial pivot

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13
Q

What are the ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Posterior longitudinal

Anterior longitudinal

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinous

Supraspinous

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14
Q

Describe the muscle attachments of the vertebral column

A 
Head 
Upper limbs 
Thorax
Abdomen 
Hips 
Lower limbs
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15
Q

What are the erector spinae

A

Intrinsic back muscles (only act on the back)

Extension, controlled flexion and lateral flexion

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16
Q

What is the largest vertebrae type?

A

Sacral

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17
Q

Rib joints are found on what type of vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

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18
Q

Where do spinal nerves pass to the spinal chord?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

What is the vertebral canal

A

Space in the vertebral column through which the spinal cord passes

The canal is made up by the vertebral foramen of each vertebrae

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20
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The inferior end of the spinal cord

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21
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

L1 - adults

L3 - children

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22
Q

What is the Causa equina?

A

Bundle of spinal nerves & spinal nerve rootlets

Begins at the conus medullaris

Has the appearance of a horse’s tail

Made of lumbar & sacral nerves

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23
Q

What is the Filum terminale

A

Strand of pia mater

Proceeding downwards from the apex of the Conus Medullaris to the coccyx

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24
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 layers of protective tissue

Surround the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater (outermost)

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater (innermost)

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26
Q

Describe the full composition of the meninges

A

Dura mater

Sub-dural space - this isn’t an actual ‘space’ however

Arachnoid mater

Sub-arachnoid space

Pia mater

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27
Q

Where is CSF located?

A

Sub-arachnoid space

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28
Q

What is the difference between the sub-dural space and extra-dural space?

A

Extra-dural space is the space between dura and bone of the vertebral column

Sub-dural is the space in between the dura and arachnoid mater

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29
Q

How far down the spinal cord do the dura & arachnoid mater extend?

A

S3 vertebra

30
Q

The spinal cord is thickest in the cervical & lumbar region, and thinner in the thoracic region.

Why is this?

A

Cervical & lumbar regions supply the limbs

Enlargements for brachial & lumbar plexus nerves

31
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

Horn on the grey matter of the spinal cord, (along with the dorsal & ventral horn)

Contains the neuronal cell bodies of the sympathetic or parasympathetic NS

32
Q

What levels of the spinal column are lateral horns present at?

A

Sympathetic: T1 - L2/3

Parasympathetic: S2 - S4

33
Q

Why is white matter white and grey matter grey?

A

White matter is myelinated

Grey matter isn’t

34
Q

What are the ramus communicans?

A

Short nerve trunks connecting the ganglia of the sympathetic chain to the spinal nerves

35
Q

What 2 types of ramus communicans are there, and what do they do?

A

White RC: Pre-ganglionic fibres from spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk

Grey RC: Post-ganglionic fibres from sympathetic trunk back into the spinal nerve

36
Q

If sympathetic fibres only exist between T1 - L2/3, how do other levels of the body receive sympathetic innervation?

A

Because of the sympathetic trunk

Distribution mechanism for the sympathetic supply to all parts of the body

A pre-ganglionic fibre can enter at 1 level, T2 for eg, and travel up the sympathetic trunk before synapsing in the cervical region

37
Q

What are the 3 options for the route taken by a sympathetic motor fibre, emerging from lateral horn cells, in terms of the sympathetic trunk

A

1) Synapse in the chain/trunk, at the same level
2) Run up or down the trunk and synapse at a different level
3) Pass straight through the chain and synapse elsewhere

38
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

Paired visceral nerves carrying fibres of the autonomic nervous system (visceral efferent fibres) as well as sensory fibres from the organs (visceral afferent fibres)

39
Q

True / False

The sympathetic motor fibres that supply the abdominal viscera are the only type of splanchnic nerves in the body

A

False

Abdominal & thoracic

Splanchnic to thoracic: synapse in sympathetic trunk then go to the organ supplied, via nerve plexus

Abdominal: Pass through symp. trunk without synapsing.
Sympathetic splanchnic nerves to the abdominal viscera synapse at prevertebral ganglia

40
Q

Describe how sympathetic motor supply to the face and head is permitted

A

Sympathetic fibres synapse at 1 of 3 different cervical ganglia in the symp. trunk

Post ganglionic fibres wrap around arteries going into and around the head and neck

41
Q

From what 3 ganglia do post ganglionic sympathetic fibres travel into the head from?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

Middle cervical ganglion

Inferior cervical ganglion

42
Q

What are the main features of the sensory fibres of the autonomic nervous system

A

Afferent fibres of the ANS are not classified as Sympathetic or Parasympathetic

All afferent ANS fibres are General visceral afferent fibres (GVA)

43
Q

What 2 regions of the body contain general visceral afferent fibres?

A

Abdomen & pelvis

44
Q

Describe the pathways taken by general visceral afferent fibres

A

GVA’s for:

General sensory impulses run with parasympathetic efferent fibres

Pain impulses run mainly with sympathetic efferent fibres (in pelvis, run also with parasymp. fibres)

45
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibres arise from?

A

Cranial: 3rd, 7th, 9th, 10th

Spinal: S2, S3, S4

46
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

10th cranial nerve

Parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract

47
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts

A

Thoracic duct - drains whole body except upper right quadrant

Right lymphatic duct - drains the upper right quadrant

48
Q

What is the Cisterna Chyli?

A

The most inferior part of the thoracic duct

49
Q

What structures travel through the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerve roots

Arteries & veins

Ligaments

50
Q

What types of joints are found on the vertebral column?

A

Secondary cartilaginous - intervertebral discs between vertebral bodies

Synovial plane joints - articular facet joints between adjacent vertebrae

Pivot joint - only between some vertebrae

51
Q

What are the names for the C1 & C2 vertebrae?

A

Atlas & axis

52
Q

What is the name for the C7 vertebrae?

A

Vertebra prominems

53
Q

What is a ‘slipped disc’?

A

Medical condition when the annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc tears and the nucleus pulposus protrudes through

This can compress the spinal nerve root leading to pain/problems in half of that spinal level’s associated dermatome

54
Q

In what direction must the nucleus pulposus herniate in order to compress the spinal nerve root?

A

Posterolateral

55
Q

What are the types of ligament associated with the vertebral column?

A

Ligamentum flavum

Anterior longitudinal

Posterior longitudinal

Supraspinous

Interspinous

56
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum connect?

A

The ligamentum flavum connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

57
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A

The anterior sides of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs

58
Q

What do the interspinous ligaments connect?

A

Interspinous ligaments connect the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

59
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A

Posterior side of vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs

60
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament connect?

A

Supraspinous ligaments connect the appices (ends) of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

61
Q

Describe the position of the vertebra prominens on the body

A

7th cervical vertebra - C7

62
Q

Why is the interspinous gap between levels L3 and L4 used for a lumbar puncture, to obtain a sample of CSF?

A

There is no spinal cord at that level, only the cauda equina

This means the needle can be inserted to the canal without damaging the nervous system

Interspinous distance is also larger in the lumbar region so it is easier to insert the needle

63
Q

‘The thoracic duct lies on the posterior thoracic wall, between the ____ vein and the _______ _____’

A

Between the Azygos vein and the descending aorta

64
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Medial end of the left subclavian vein

65
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in an adult and a child?

A

Adult: L1

Child: L3

66
Q

What spinal nerves form the cauda equina?

A

L2 - L5
S1 - S5
Coccygeal nerve

67
Q

What levels do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the spinal cord

A

T1 - L2

68
Q

What structures are supplied by the autonomic nervous system

A

Organs, involuntary muscles and glands

69
Q

What are the main features of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

Arise from levels S2-S4

Parasympathetic supply of pelvic and lower abdominal organs

Run in mixed nerve - pelvic plexus - alongside sympathetic fibres and synapse in parasympathetic ganglia in the walls of the organs they supply

70
Q

Sympathetic supply of the head is allowed through the passage of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres, up the carotid arteries into the brain n stuff

What is the name given to the mesh like network of nerves that goes up the carotid?

A

Periarterial plexus

Analtomy (6 decks)

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