How secure was USSR's control over East EU? Flashcards
Berlin wall
1949-1961
Why was the wall put up?
- 2 and 1/2 mill left east GER to the west- comms worried bc couldn’t afford to lose lots of people
When was the acc wall constructed
- what was it
- what did it acheive
13th august 1961
- 30 mile barrier separated east and west
- no one could leave - escapees shot
Why would’ve the east been attracted to the west?
- full shops
- democracy
- higher quality of life
Why did president kenn allow the wall?
- to avoid war
What were the reasons for the uprising in Hungary (9)
- conc camp threat
- people classed
- food shortages ( livestock and crops to USSR)
- communist rule - 1 party state democ wanted
- lower quality of life
- indoctrination
- wanted soviet troops removed
- oppression
- jelousy of west
When was the uprising in Hungary
october 1956
What were the rebels aims?
- democracy
- losen soviet control
Why did the soviets intervene?
- hungary wanted to leave warsaw pact - going against comm
- wanted to gain control
Who became prime minister and what happedd
Nagye ( liberal)
- free elections
Was was nagye arrested and Janos kadar was ensured loyalty to Russia
- November 4th 1956
On november 4th 1956 what else happened?
- 200,000 troops and 4000 tanks entered hungary
- 20,000 were killed or wounded
Why was there opposition in Czechoslavakia in 1968? (6)
- Dubeck wanted socialism with a human face
- brutal oppression
- opposition were intellects
- censorship was eased to attack comm leaders
- wanted warsaw pact just wanted to loosen communism
- wanted increased living standard
What was different in hungary then czech
- czech just wanted a loser comm system where as in hungary wanted to get rid of comm all together and leave warsaw pact
Why did the societies intervene
- Fear czech would demand freedom
- they were suspicious bc czech had the best industry and was central- fear ideas would spread out
When did soviet tanks move into czehc?
- 20th aug 1968
How many tanks moved in and what happened to dubeck
500,000 troops invaded and dubeck was out of power
What was the results of Tanks
- refused to co-operate
- zebeck out of POW
- More resentment 2wards RSA
- Brenchev doctrine
What was brenchev doctrine?
- one party state
- warsaw pact
what changes occurred by dubeck before soviet intervention
- travel to west for all
- free elections
- increased living standards
- opposition permitted
when did solidarity in poland take place?
July 1980
What did the government do in poland in July 1980
raised meat prices
What happened in Gdansk Shipyeard and when? - who was the leader?
- august 1980
- led by lech wale sea workers put forward 21 demands to gov…started trade union called solidarity
What were some of the demands the workers wanted?
- right to strike
- more pay
- end censorship
- free trade unions
when did the governments agree to demands
- 30th august 1980
By september how many members did solitary have?
3.5 million
By october how many members did solidariy have and what did it lead to
- 7 mill it was recognised by the government
By jan ‘81
9.4 mill - 1/3 of all workers were
What were 7 reasons solidarity succeed
gov playing for time
- membership increased quickly
- support of cath church
- Union was popular
- Lech walsea careful
- Early stages had originally not been seen as alternative 2 comm
- shipindustry was the strongest and was important to gov
why was comm not an alternative to comm
bc 30% comm joined
What were the reasons for crushing solidarity
- acting as a political party
- poland sinking in 2 chaos
- solidarity tumbling into chaos
When did comm have control by?
- december 1981
What was the significance of solidarity
- highlighted failure of comm
- ineffiecency/ corruption of comm
- threatened by people power
- orgs capable of resisting comm gov
- undermined claim that comm benefitted normal people
When did Gorbachev become leader of soviet Union
1985
How was gorbachev a realist?
- Econ was weak
- 2 much money was spend of arms race + afghan war
What were two of gorbachevs main policies?
- We won’t intervene
- you have to reform
1 statement for gorb- We won’t intervene
- countries in Eu responsible for their own fates
- peeps thought he was insane and didn’t believe them
whats one statement for gorb- You have to reform
- Countreis need to reform
- Comm system could provide health care and education and transport
- renew comm
What did the reforms include
Glasonet which was the policy of honesty and dealing with problems
- Perestroika in 1987 ( programme allowed market forces 2 be introduced into sov u
How did defence spending cut?
red army shrunk
How were international relations improved for Sov u
- withdrew form afghan
- plus there was talk of international trust and co operation
- US and USSR relations improved
What were problems in 6
- low qual of life
- opp from hardliners
- alcholoism
- bad work standard
- poor econ cond
- no new ideas
What did the red army state in March 1989
-that they won’t intervene
When was barbed wire dismantled bet countries and which countries?
- May 1989
- barbed wire dismantled bet ween hungary and non comm aux
When did poland have free elections and what was the outcome
- June 1989
- Solidarity won- non comm Lech
What happened september 1989
- demonstrations in east germany and the soviet tanks would not restore order
November 1989
berlin wall was dismantled and the chzech opened bordered with west
December 1989 (3)
- Romania - there was a revolution and Comm dictator executed
- Hungary - free elections in 1990
- bulgaria- demonstrations against comm gov
When did latvia become independent from USSR
march 1990
What did people power achieve
- comm controlled toppled
when was her reunified
- 3rd octber 1990
When was lithuania, azerbaijan became independent
-march 1990
What did the russian president state in may 1990
that no future for soviet union and it should become an independent state
When was ukraine independent
july 1990
What happened in August 1991
- hardliners attempted coup
- gorbachev kept prisoner
- tanks and troops moved through moscow
When was the end of Soviet union?
25th december 1991
